source: vbox/trunk/doc/manual/en_US/user_AdvancedTopics.xml@ 79876

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<chapter id="AdvancedTopics">

  <title>Advanced Topics</title>

  <sect1 id="autologon">

    <title>Automated Guest Logins</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; provides Guest Addition modules for Windows, Linux,
      and Oracle Solaris to enable automated logins on the guest.
    </para>

    <para>
      When a guest operating system is running in a virtual machine, it
      might be desirable to perform coordinated and automated logins
      using credentials from a master login system. Credentials are user
      name, password, and domain name, where each value might be empty.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="autologon_win">

      <title>Automated Windows Guest Logins</title>

      <para>
        Since Windows NT, Windows has provided a modular system login
        subsystem, called Winlogon, which can be customized and extended
        by means of so-called GINA (Graphical Identification and
        Authentication) modules. With Windows Vista and Windows 7, the
        GINA modules were replaced with a new mechanism called
        credential providers. The &product-name; Guest Additions for
        Windows come with both, a GINA and a credential provider module,
        and therefore enable any Windows guest to perform automated
        logins.
      </para>

      <para>
        To activate the &product-name; GINA or credential provider
        module, install the Guest Additions using the command line
        switch <computeroutput>/with_autologon</computeroutput>. All the
        following manual steps required for installing these modules
        will be then done by the installer.
      </para>

      <para>
        To manually install the &product-name; GINA module, extract the
        Guest Additions as shown in
        <xref linkend="windows-guest-file-extraction" /> and copy the
        file <computeroutput>VBoxGINA.dll</computeroutput> to the
        Windows <computeroutput>SYSTEM32</computeroutput> directory.
        Then, in the registry, create the following key with a value of
        <computeroutput>VBoxGINA.dll</computeroutput>:
      </para>

<screen>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\GinaDLL</screen>

      <note>
        <para>
          The &product-name; GINA module is implemented as a wrapper
          around the standard Windows GINA module,
          <computeroutput>MSGINA.DLL</computeroutput>. As a result, it
          may not work correctly with third party GINA modules.
        </para>
      </note>

      <para>
        To manually install the &product-name; credential provider
        module, extract the Guest Additions as shown in
        <xref
      linkend="windows-guest-file-extraction" /> and copy
        the file <computeroutput>VBoxCredProv.dll</computeroutput> to
        the Windows <computeroutput>SYSTEM32</computeroutput> directory.
        In the registry, create the following keys:
      </para>

<screen>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\
Authentication\Credential Providers\{275D3BCC-22BB-4948-A7F6-3A3054EBA92B}

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{275D3BCC-22BB-4948-A7F6-3A3054EBA92B}

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{275D3BCC-22BB-4948-A7F6-3A3054EBA92B}\InprocServer32</screen>

      <para>
        All default values, the key named
        <computeroutput>Default</computeroutput>, must be set to
        <computeroutput>VBoxCredProv</computeroutput>.
      </para>

      <para>
        Create a new string named as follows, with a value of
        <computeroutput>Apartment</computeroutput>.
      </para>

<screen>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{275D3BCC-22BB-4948-A7F6-3A3054EBA92B}\InprocServer32\ThreadingModel</screen>

      <para>
        To set credentials, use the following command on a
        <emphasis>running</emphasis> VM:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage controlvm "Windows XP" setcredentials "John Doe" "secretpassword" "DOMTEST"</screen>

      <para>
        While the VM is running, the credentials can be queried by the
        &product-name; login modules, GINA or credential provider, using
        the &product-name; Guest Additions device driver. When Windows
        is in <emphasis>logged out</emphasis> mode, the login modules
        will constantly poll for credentials and if they are present, a
        login will be attempted. After retrieving the credentials, the
        login modules will erase them so that the above command will
        have to be repeated for subsequent logins.
      </para>

      <para>
        For security reasons, credentials are not stored in any
        persistent manner and will be lost when the VM is reset. Also,
        the credentials are write-only. There is no way to retrieve the
        credentials from the host side. Credentials can be reset from
        the host side by setting empty values.
      </para>

      <para>
        Depending on the particular variant of the Windows guest, the
        following restrictions apply:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            For <emphasis role="bold">Windows XP guests.</emphasis> The
            login subsystem needs to be configured to use the classic
            login dialog, as the &product-name; GINA module does not
            support the XP-style welcome dialog.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <emphasis role="bold">Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8,
            and Windows 10 guests.</emphasis> The login subsystem does
            not support the so-called Secure Attention Sequence,
            <computeroutput>Ctrl+Alt+Del</computeroutput>. As a result,
            the guest's group policy settings need to be changed to not
            use the Secure Attention Sequence. Also, the user name given
            is only compared to the true user name, not the user
            friendly name. This means that when you rename a user, you
            still have to supply the original user name as Windows never
            renames user accounts internally.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Automatic login handling of the built-in
            <emphasis role="bold">Windows Remote Desktop
            Service</emphasis>, formerly known as Terminal Services, is
            disabled by default. To enable it, create the following
            registry key with a <computeroutput>DWORD</computeroutput>
            value of <computeroutput>1</computeroutput>.
          </para>

<screen>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Oracle\VirtualBox Guest Additions\AutoLogon</screen>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

      <para>
        The following command forces &product-name; to keep the
        credentials after they were read by the guest and on VM reset:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "Windows XP" VBoxInternal/Devices/VMMDev/0/Config/KeepCredentials 1</screen>

      <para>
        Note that this is a potential security risk, as a malicious
        application running on the guest could request this information
        using the proper interface.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="autologon_unix">

      <title>Automated Linux and UNIX Guest Logins</title>

      <para>
        &product-name; provides a custom PAM module (Pluggable
        Authentication Module) which can be used to perform automated
        guest logins on platforms which support this framework.
        Virtually all modern Linux and UNIX distributions rely on PAM.
      </para>

      <para>
        For automated logins on Ubuntu, or Ubuntu-derived, distributions
        using LightDM as the display manager. See
        <xref linkend="autologon_unix_lightdm" />.
      </para>

      <para>
        The <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput> module itself
        <emphasis>does not</emphasis> do an actual verification of the
        credentials passed to the guest OS. Instead it relies on other
        modules such as <computeroutput>pam_unix.so</computeroutput> or
        <computeroutput>pam_unix2.so</computeroutput> down in the PAM
        stack to do the actual validation using the credentials
        retrieved by <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput>.
        Therefore <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput> has to be
        on top of the authentication PAM service list.
      </para>

      <note>
        <para>
          The <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput> module only
          supports the <computeroutput>auth</computeroutput> primitive.
          Other primitives such as
          <computeroutput>account</computeroutput>,
          <computeroutput>session</computeroutput>, or
          <computeroutput>password</computeroutput> are not supported.
        </para>
      </note>

      <para>
        The <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput> module is
        shipped as part of the Guest Additions but it is not installed
        and/or activated on the guest OS by default. In order to install
        it, it has to be copied from
        <computeroutput>/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-&lt;version&gt;/other/</computeroutput>
        to the security modules directory. This is usually
        <computeroutput>/lib/security/</computeroutput> on 32-bit Linux
        guests or <computeroutput>/lib64/security/</computeroutput> on
        64-bit Linux guests. Please refer to your guest OS documentation
        for the correct PAM module directory.
      </para>

      <para>
        For example, to use <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput>
        with a Ubuntu Linux guest OS and the GNOME Desktop Manager (GDM)
        to log in users automatically with the credentials passed by the
        host, configure the guest OS as follows:
      </para>

      <orderedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Copy the <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput> module
            to the security modules directory. In this case,
            <computeroutput>/lib/security</computeroutput>.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Edit the PAM configuration file for GDM, found at
            <computeroutput>/etc/pam.d/gdm</computeroutput>. Add the
            line <computeroutput>auth requisite
            pam_vbox.so</computeroutput> at the top. Additionally, in
            most Linux distributions there is a file called
            <computeroutput>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</computeroutput>.
            This file is included in many other services, like the GDM
            file mentioned above. There you also have to add the line
            <computeroutput>auth requisite pam_vbox.so</computeroutput>.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            If authentication against the shadow database using
            <computeroutput>pam_unix.so</computeroutput> or
            <computeroutput>pam_unix2.so</computeroutput> is desired,
            the argument <computeroutput>try_first_pass</computeroutput>
            for <computeroutput>pam_unix.so</computeroutput> or
            <computeroutput>use_first_pass</computeroutput> for
            <computeroutput>pam_unix2.so</computeroutput> is needed in
            order to pass the credentials from the &product-name; module
            to the shadow database authentication module. For Ubuntu,
            this needs to be added to
            <computeroutput>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</computeroutput>, to
            the end of the line referencing
            <computeroutput>pam_unix.so</computeroutput>. This argument
            tells the PAM module to use credentials already present in
            the stack, such as the ones provided by the &product-name;
            PAM module.
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </orderedlist>

      <warning>
        <para>
          An incorrectly configured PAM stack can effectively prevent
          you from logging into your guest system.
        </para>
      </warning>

      <para>
        To make deployment easier, you can pass the argument
        <computeroutput>debug</computeroutput> right after the
        <computeroutput>pam_vbox.so</computeroutput> statement. Debug
        log output will then be recorded using syslog.
      </para>

      <note>
        <para>
          By default, <computeroutput>pam_vbox</computeroutput> will not
          wait for credentials to arrive from the host. When a login
          prompt is shown, for example by GDM/KDM or the text console,
          and pam_vbox does not yet have credentials it does not wait
          until they arrive. Instead the next module in the PAM stack,
          depending on the PAM configuration, will have the chance for
          authentication.
        </para>
      </note>

      <para>
        <computeroutput>pam_vbox</computeroutput> supports various guest
        property parameters that are located in
        <computeroutput>/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/PAM/</computeroutput>.
        These parameters allow pam_vbox to wait for credentials to be
        provided by the host and optionally can show a message while
        waiting for those. The following guest properties can be set:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>CredsWait</computeroutput>: Set to 1 if
            pam_vbox should start waiting until credentials arrive from
            the host. Until then no other authentication methods such as
            manually logging in will be available. If this property is
            empty or gets deleted no waiting for credentials will be
            performed and pam_vbox will act like before. This property
            must be set read-only for the guest
            (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>CredsWaitAbort</computeroutput>: Aborts
            waiting for credentials when set to any value. Can be set
            from host and the guest.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>CredsWaitTimeout</computeroutput>: Timeout,
            in seconds, to let pam_vbox wait for credentials to arrive.
            When no credentials arrive within this timeout,
            authentication of pam_vbox will be set to failed and the
            next PAM module in chain will be asked. If this property is
            not specified, set to 0 or an invalid value, an infinite
            timeout will be used. This property must be set read-only
            for the guest
            (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

      <para>
        To customize pam_vbox further there are the following guest
        properties:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>CredsMsgWaiting</computeroutput>: Custom
            message showed while pam_vbox is waiting for credentials
            from the host. This property must be set read-only for the
            guest (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>CredsMsgWaitTimeout</computeroutput>: Custom
            message showed when waiting for credentials by pam_vbox has
            timed out. For example, they did not arrive within time.
            This property must be set read-only for the guest
            (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

      <note>
        <para>
          If a pam_vbox guest property does not have the correct flag
          set (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>) the
          property is ignored and, depending on the property, a default
          value will be used. This can result in pam_vbox not waiting
          for credentials. Consult the appropriate syslog file for more
          information and use the <computeroutput>debug</computeroutput>
          option.
        </para>
      </note>

      <sect3 id="autologon_unix_lightdm">

        <title>&product-name; Greeter for Ubuntu/LightDM</title>

        <para>
          &product-name; comes with an own greeter module, named
          vbox-greeter. The module can be used with LightDM 1.0.1 or
          later. LightDM is the default display manager since Ubuntu
          10.11 and therefore also can be used for automated guest
          logins.
        </para>

        <para>
          vbox-greeter does not need the
          <computeroutput>pam_vbox</computeroutput> module described
          above in order to function. It comes with its own
          authentication mechanism provided by LightDM. However, to
          provide maximum of flexibility both modules can be used
          together on the same guest.
        </para>

        <para>
          As with the <computeroutput>pam_vbox</computeroutput> module,
          vbox-greeter is shipped as part of the Guest Additions but it
          is not installed or activated on the guest OS by default. To
          install vbox-greeter automatically upon Guest Additions
          installation, use the
          <computeroutput>--with-autologon</computeroutput> switch when
          starting the VBoxLinuxAdditions.run file:
        </para>

<screen># ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run -- --with-autologon</screen>

        <para>
          For manual or postponed installation, the
          <computeroutput>vbox-greeter.desktop</computeroutput> file has
          to be copied from
          <computeroutput>/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-&lt;version&gt;/other/</computeroutput>
          to the <computeroutput>xgreeters</computeroutput> directory
          This is usually
          <computeroutput>/usr/share/xgreeters/</computeroutput>. Please
          refer to your guest OS documentation for the correct LightDM
          greeter directory.
        </para>

        <para>
          The vbox-greeter module itself already was installed by the
          &product-name; Guest Additions installer and resides in
          <computeroutput>/usr/sbin/</computeroutput>. To enable
          vbox-greeter as the standard greeter module, the file
          <computeroutput>/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf</computeroutput>
          needs to be edited:
        </para>

<screen>[SeatDefaults]
greeter-session=vbox-greeter</screen>

        <note>
          <itemizedlist>

            <listitem>
              <para>
                The LightDM server needs to be fully restarted in order
                for vbox-greeter to be used as the default greeter. As
                root, run <computeroutput>service lightdm
                --full-restart</computeroutput> on Ubuntu, or simply
                restart the guest.
              </para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>
                vbox-greeter is independent of the graphical session
                chosen by the user, such as Gnome, KDE, or Unity.
                However, it requires FLTK 1.3 for representing its own
                user interface.
              </para>
            </listitem>

          </itemizedlist>
        </note>

        <para>
          There are numerous guest properties which can be used to
          further customize the login experience. For automatically
          logging in users, the same guest properties apply as for
          pam_vbox. See <xref linkend="autologon_unix" />.
        </para>

        <para>
          In addition to the above mentioned guest properties,
          vbox-greeter allows further customization of its user
          interface. These special guest properties all reside in
          <computeroutput>/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/Greeter/</computeroutput>:
        </para>

        <itemizedlist>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>HideRestart</computeroutput>: Set to 1 if
              vbox-greeter should hide the button to restart the guest.
              This property must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>HideShutdown</computeroutput>: Set to 1 if
              vbox-greeter should hide the button to shutdown the guest.
              This property must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>BannerPath</computeroutput>: Path to a
              .PNG file for using it as a banner on the top. The image
              size must be 460 x 90 pixels, any bit depth. This property
              must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>UseTheming</computeroutput>: Set to 1 for
              turning on the following theming options. This property
              must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>Theme/BackgroundColor</computeroutput>:
              Hexadecimal RRGGBB color for the background. This property
              must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>Theme/LogonDialog/HeaderColor</computeroutput>:
              Hexadecimal RRGGBB foreground color for the header text.
              This property must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>Theme/LogonDialog/BackgroundColor</computeroutput>:
              Hexadecimal RRGGBB color for the login dialog background.
              This property must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>Theme/LogonDialog/ButtonColor</computeroutput>:
              Hexadecimal RRGGBB background color for the login dialog
              button. This property must be set read-only for the guest
              (<computeroutput>RDONLYGUEST</computeroutput>).
            </para>
          </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>

        <note>
          <para>
            The same restrictions for the guest properties above apply
            as for the ones specified in the pam_vbox section.
          </para>
        </note>

      </sect3>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="adv-config-win-guest">

    <title>Advanced Configuration for Windows Guests</title>

    <sect2 id="sysprep">

      <title>Automated Windows System Preparation</title>

      <para>
        Beginning with Windows NT 4.0, Microsoft offers a system
        preparation tool called Sysprep, to prepare a Windows system for
        deployment or redistribution. Whereas Windows 2000 and XP ship
        with Sysprep on the installation medium, the tool also is
        available for download on the Microsoft web site. In a standard
        installation of Windows Vista and 7, Sysprep is already
        included. Sysprep mainly consists of an executable called
        <computeroutput>sysprep.exe</computeroutput> which is invoked by
        the user to put the Windows installation into preparation mode.
      </para>

      <para>
        The Guest Additions offer a way to launch a system preparation
        on the guest operating system in an automated way, controlled
        from the host system. See
        <xref linkend="guestadd-guestcontrol" /> for details of how to
        use this feature with the special identifier
        <computeroutput>sysprep</computeroutput> as the program to
        execute, along with the user name
        <computeroutput>sysprep</computeroutput> and password
        <computeroutput>sysprep</computeroutput> for the credentials.
        Sysprep then gets launched with the required system rights.
      </para>

      <note>
        <para>
          Specifying the location of "sysprep.exe" is
          <emphasis
        role="bold">not possible</emphasis>. Instead
          the following paths are used, based on the operating system:
        </para>

        <itemizedlist>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>C:\sysprep\sysprep.exe</computeroutput>
              for Windows NT 4.0, 2000 and XP
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              <computeroutput>%WINDIR%\System32\Sysprep\sysprep.exe</computeroutput>
              for Windows Vista, 2008 Server and 7
            </para>
          </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>

        <para>
          The Guest Additions will automatically use the appropriate
          path to execute the system preparation tool.
        </para>
      </note>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="adv-config-linux-guest">

    <title>Advanced Configuration for Linux and Oracle Solaris Guests</title>

    <sect2 id="linux-guest-manual-setup">

      <title>Manual Setup of Selected Guest Services on Linux</title>

      <para>
        The &product-name; Guest Additions contain several different
        drivers. If for any reason you do not wish to set them all up,
        you can install the Guest Additions using the following command:
      </para>

<screen>  sh ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run no_setup</screen>

      <para>
        After this, you will need to at least compile the kernel modules
        by running the command as root:
      </para>

<screen>  rcvboxadd setup</screen>

      <para>
        You will need to replace <emphasis>lib</emphasis> by
        <emphasis>lib64</emphasis> on some 64bit guests, and on older
        guests without the udev service you will need to add the
        <emphasis>vboxadd</emphasis> service to the default runlevel to
        ensure that the modules get loaded.
      </para>

      <para>
        To setup the time synchronization service, add the service
        vboxadd-service to the default runlevel. To set up the X11 and
        OpenGL part of the Guest Additions, run the following command:
      </para>

<screen>  rcvboxadd-x11 setup</screen>

      <para>
        You do not need to enable any services for this.
      </para>

      <para>
        To recompile the guest kernel modules, use this command:
      </para>

<screen>  rcvboxadd setup</screen>

      <para>
        After compilation you should reboot your guest to ensure that
        the new modules are actually used.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="guestxorgsetup">

      <title>Guest Graphics and Mouse Driver Setup in Depth</title>

      <para>
        This section assumes that you are familiar with configuring the
        X.Org server using xorg.conf and optionally the newer mechanisms
        using hal or udev and xorg.conf.d. If not you can learn about
        them by studying the documentation which comes with X.Org.
      </para>

      <para>
        The &product-name; Guest Additions include the following drivers
        for X.Org versions:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            X11R6.8/X11R6.9 and XFree86 version 4.3 (vboxvideo_drv_68.o
            and vboxmouse_drv_68.o)
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            X11R7.0 (vboxvideo_drv_70.so and vboxmouse_drv_70.so)
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            X11R7.1 (vboxvideo_drv_71.so and vboxmouse_drv_71.so)
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            X.Org Server versions 1.3 and later (vboxvideo_drv_13.so
            vboxmouse_drv_13.so, and later versions).
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

      <para>
        By default these drivers can be found in the folowing directory:
      </para>

      <para>
        <computeroutput>/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-&lt;version&gt;/other/</computeroutput>
      </para>

      <para>
        The correct versions for the X server are symbolically linked
        into the X.Org driver directories.
      </para>

      <para>
        For graphics integration to work correctly, the X server must
        load the vboxvideo driver. Many recent X server versions look
        for it automatically if they see that they are running in
        &product-name;. For an optimal user experience the guest kernel
        drivers must be loaded and the Guest Additions tool VBoxClient
        must be running as a client in the X session. For mouse
        integration to work correctly, the guest kernel drivers must be
        loaded and in addition, in X servers from X.Org X11R6.8 to
        X11R7.1 and in XFree86 version 4.3 the right vboxmouse driver
        must be loaded and associated with /dev/mouse or /dev/psaux. In
        X.Org server 1.3 or later a driver for a PS/2 mouse must be
        loaded and the right vboxmouse driver must be associated with
        /dev/vboxguest.
      </para>

      <para>
        The &product-name; guest graphics driver can use any graphics
        configuration for which the virtual resolution fits into the
        virtual video memory allocated to the virtual machine, minus a
        small amount used by the guest driver, as described in
        <xref
      linkend="settings-display" />. The driver will offer
        a range of standard modes at least up to the default guest
        resolution for all active guest monitors. In X.Org Server 1.3
        and later the default mode can be changed by setting the output
        property VBOX_MODE to "&lt;width&gt;x&lt;height&gt;" for any
        guest monitor. When VBoxClient and the kernel drivers are active
        this is done automatically when the host requests a mode change.
        The driver for older versions can only receive new modes by
        querying the host for requests at regular intervals.
      </para>

      <para>
        With X Servers before version 1.3, you can also add your own
        modes to the X server configuration file. You simply need to add
        them to the "Modes" list in the "Display" subsection of the
        "Screen" section. For example, the following section has a
        custom 2048x800 resolution mode added:
      </para>

<screen>Section "Screen"
        Identifier    "Default Screen"
        Device        "VirtualBox graphics card"
        Monitor       "Generic Monitor"
        DefaultDepth  24
        SubSection "Display"
                Depth         24
                Modes         "2048x800" "800x600" "640x480"
        EndSubSection
EndSection</screen>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="cpuhotplug">

    <title>CPU Hot-Plugging</title>

    <para>
      With virtual machines running modern server operating systems,
      &product-name; supports CPU hot-plugging.
    </para>

    <para>
      On a physical computer CPU hot-plugging would mean that a CPU can
      be added or removed while the machine is running. &product-name;
      supports adding and removing of virtual CPUs while a virtual
      machine is running.
    </para>

    <para>
      CPU hot-plugging works only with guest operating systems that
      support the feature. So far this applies only to Linux and Windows
      Server. Windows supports only hot-add, while Linux supports
      hot-add and hot-remove. To use this feature with more than 8 CPUs,
      a 64-bit Linux guest is required.
    </para>

    <para>
      CPU hot-plugging is done using the <command>VBoxManage</command>
      command-line interface. First, hot-plugging needs to be enabled
      for a virtual machine:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --cpuhotplug on</screen>

    <para>
      The <computeroutput>--cpus</computeroutput> option is used to
      specify the maximum number of CPUs that the virtual machine can
      have:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --cpus 8</screen>

    <para>
      When the VM is off, you can then add and remove virtual CPUs with
      the <computeroutput>modifyvm --plugcpu</computeroutput> and
      <computeroutput>--unplugcpu</computeroutput> subcommands, which
      take the number of the virtual CPU as a parameter, as follows:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --plugcpu 3
VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --unplugcpu 3</screen>

    <para>
      Note that CPU 0 can never be removed.
    </para>

    <para>
      While the VM is running, CPUs can be added and removed with the
      <computeroutput>controlvm plugcpu</computeroutput> and
      <computeroutput>unplugcpu</computeroutput> commands instead, as
      follows:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage controlvm "VM name" plugcpu 3
VBoxManage controlvm "VM name" unplugcpu 3</screen>

    <para>
      See <xref linkend="vboxmanage-modifyvm" /> and
      <xref
    linkend="vboxmanage-controlvm" /> for details.
    </para>

    <para>
      With Linux guests, the following applies:
    </para>

    <para>
      To prevent ejection while the CPU is still used it has to be
      ejected from within the guest before. The Linux Guest Additions
      contain a service which receives hot-remove events and ejects the
      CPU. Also, after a CPU is added to the VM it is not automatically
      used by Linux. The Linux Guest Additions service will take care of
      that if installed. If not a CPU can be started with the following
      command:
    </para>

<screen>echo 1 &gt; /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu&lt;id&gt;/online</screen>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="pcipassthrough">

    <title>PCI Passthrough</title>

    <para>
      When running on Linux hosts with a kernel version later than
      <computeroutput>2.6.31</computeroutput>, experimental host PCI
      devices passthrough is available.
    </para>

    <note>
      <para>
        The PCI passthrough module is shipped as a &product-name;
        extension package, which must be installed separately. See
        <xref
      linkend="intro-installing" />.
      </para>
    </note>

    <para>
      This feature enables a guest to directly use physical PCI devices
      on the host, even if host does not have drivers for this
      particular device. Both, regular PCI and some PCI Express cards,
      are supported. AGP and certain PCI Express cards are not supported
      at the moment if they rely on Graphics Address Remapping Table
      (GART) unit programming for texture management as it does rather
      non-trivial operations with pages remapping interfering with
      IOMMU. This limitation may be lifted in future releases.
    </para>

    <para>
      To be fully functional, PCI passthrough support in &product-name;
      depends upon an IOMMU hardware unit which is not yet too widely
      available. If the device uses bus mastering, for example it
      performs DMA to the OS memory on its own, then an IOMMU is
      required. Otherwise such DMA transactions may write to the wrong
      physical memory address as the device DMA engine is programmed
      using a device-specific protocol to perform memory transactions.
      The IOMMU functions as translation unit mapping physical memory
      access requests from the device using knowledge of the guest
      physical address to host physical addresses translation rules.
    </para>

    <para>
      Intel's solution for IOMMU is called Intel Virtualization
      Technology for Directed I/O (VT-d), and AMD's solution is called
      AMD-Vi. Check your motherboard datasheet for the appropriate
      technology. Even if your hardware does not have a IOMMU, certain
      PCI cards may work, such as serial PCI adapters, but the guest
      will show a warning on boot and the VM execution will terminate if
      the guest driver will attempt to enable card bus mastering.
    </para>

    <para>
      It is very common that the BIOS or the host OS disables the IOMMU
      by default. So before any attempt to use it please make sure that
      the following apply:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          Your motherboard has an IOMMU unit.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          Your CPU supports the IOMMU.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          The IOMMU is enabled in the BIOS.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          The VM must run with VT-x/AMD-V and nested paging enabled.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          Your Linux kernel was compiled with IOMMU support, including
          DMA remapping. See the
          <computeroutput>CONFIG_DMAR</computeroutput> kernel
          compilation option. The PCI stub driver
          (<computeroutput>CONFIG_PCI_STUB</computeroutput>) is required
          as well.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          Your Linux kernel recognizes and uses the IOMMU unit. The
          <computeroutput>intel_iommu=on</computeroutput> boot option
          could be needed. Search for DMAR and PCI-DMA in kernel boot
          log.
        </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <para>
      Once you made sure that the host kernel supports the IOMMU, the
      next step is to select the PCI card and attach it to the guest. To
      figure out the list of available PCI devices, use the
      <command>lspci</command> command. The output will look as follows:
    </para>

<screen>01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc Cedar PRO [Radeon HD 5450]
01:00.1 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc Manhattan HDMI Audio [Mobility Radeon HD 5000 Series]
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit
        Ethernet controller (rev 03)
03:00.0 SATA controller: JMicron Technology Corp. JMB362/JMB363 Serial ATA Controller (rev 03)
03:00.1 IDE interface: JMicron Technology Corp. JMB362/JMB363 Serial ATA Controller (rev 03)
06:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation G86 [GeForce 8500 GT] (rev a1)</screen>

    <para>
      The first column is a PCI address, in the format
      <computeroutput>bus:device.function</computeroutput>. This address
      could be used to identify the device for further operations. For
      example, to attach a PCI network controller on the system listed
      above to the second PCI bus in the guest, as device 5, function 0,
      use the following command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --pciattach 02:00.0@01:05.0</screen>

    <para>
      To detach the same device, use:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --pcidetach 02:00.0</screen>

    <para>
      Please note that both host and guest could freely assign a
      different PCI address to the card attached during runtime, so
      those addresses only apply to the address of the card at the
      moment of attachment on the host, and during BIOS PCI init on the
      guest.
    </para>

    <para>
      If the virtual machine has a PCI device attached, certain
      limitations apply:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          Only PCI cards with non-shared interrupts, such as those using
          MSI on the host, are supported at the moment.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          No guest state can be reliably saved or restored. The internal
          state of the PCI card cannot be retrieved.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          Teleportation, also called live migration, does not work. The
          internal state of the PCI card cannot be retrieved.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          No lazy physical memory allocation. The host will preallocate
          the whole RAM required for the VM on startup, as we cannot
          catch physical hardware accesses to the physical memory.
        </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="webcam-passthrough">

    <title>Webcam Passthrough</title>

    <sect2 id="webcam-using-guest">

      <title>Using a Host Webcam in the Guest</title>

      <para>
        &product-name; 4.3 includes an experimental feature which
        enables a guest to use a host webcam. This complements the
        general USB passthrough support which was the typical way of
        using host webcams in earlier versions. The webcam passthrough
        support can handle non-USB video sources in theory, but this is
        completely untested.
      </para>

      <note>
        <para>
          The webcam passthrough module is shipped as part of the
          &product-name; extension pack, which must be installed
          separately. See <xref
        linkend="intro-installing" />.
        </para>
      </note>

      <para>
        The host webcam can be attached to the VM using the
        <emphasis role="bold">Devices</emphasis> menu in the VM menu
        bar. The <emphasis role="bold">Webcams</emphasis> menu contains
        a list of available video input devices on the host. Clicking on
        a webcam name attaches or detaches the corresponding host
        device.
      </para>

      <para>
        The <command>VBoxManage</command> command line tool can be used
        to enable webcam passthrough. Please see the host-specific
        sections below for additional details. The following commands
        are available:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Get a list of host webcams, or other video input devices:
          </para>

<screen>VBoxManage list webcams</screen>

          <para>
            The output format is as follows:
          </para>

<screen>alias "user friendly name"
host path or identifier</screen>

          <para>
            The alias can be used as a shortcut in other commands. Alias
            '.0' means the default video input device on the host. Alias
            '.1', '.2'means first, second video input device, and so on.
            The device order is host-specific.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Attach a webcam to a running VM, as follows:
          </para>

<screen>VBoxManage controlvm "VM name" webcam attach [host_path|alias [settings]]</screen>

          <para>
            This attaches a USB webcam device to the guest.
          </para>

          <para>
            The <computeroutput>settings</computeroutput> parameter is a
            string
            <computeroutput>Setting1=Value1;Setting2=Value2</computeroutput>,
            which enables you to configure the emulated webcam device.
            The following settings are supported:
          </para>

          <itemizedlist>

            <listitem>
              <para>
                <computeroutput>MaxFramerate</computeroutput>: The
                highest rate at which video frames are sent to the
                guest. A higher frame rate requires more CPU power.
                Therefore sometimes it is useful to set a lower limit.
                Default is no limit and allow the guest to use all frame
                rates supported by the host webcam.
              </para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>
                <computeroutput>MaxPayloadTransferSize</computeroutput>:
                How many bytes the emulated webcam can send to the guest
                at a time. Default value is 3060 bytes, which is used by
                some webcams. Higher values can slightly reduce CPU
                load, if the guest is able to use larger buffers.
                However, a high
                <computeroutput>MaxPayloadTransferSize</computeroutput>
                might be not supported by some guests.
              </para>
            </listitem>

          </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Detach a webcam from a running VM, as follows:
          </para>

<screen>VBoxManage controlvm "VM name" webcam detach [host_path|alias]</screen>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            List the webcams attached to a running VM, as follows:
          </para>

<screen>VBoxManage controlvm "VM name" webcam list</screen>

          <para>
            The output contains the path or alias which was used in the
            <command>webcam attach</command> command for each attached
            webcam.
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="webcam-win-hosts">

      <title>Windows Hosts</title>

      <para>
        When the webcam device is detached from the host, the emulated
        webcam device is automatically detached from the guest.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="webcam-mac-hosts">

      <title>Mac OS X Hosts</title>

      <para>
        OS X version 10.9 or later is required.
      </para>

      <para>
        When the webcam device is detached from the host, the emulated
        webcam device remains attached to the guest and must be manually
        detached using the <computeroutput>VBoxManage controlvm "VM
        name" webcam detach</computeroutput> command.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="webcam-linux-hosts">

      <title>Linux and Oracle Solaris Hosts</title>

      <para>
        When the webcam is detached from the host the emulated webcam
        device is automatically detached from the guest only if the
        webcam is streaming video. If the emulated webcam is inactive it
        should be manually detached using the <computeroutput>VBoxManage
        controlvm "VM name" webcam detach</computeroutput> command.
      </para>

      <para>
        Aliases <computeroutput>.0</computeroutput> and
        <computeroutput>.1</computeroutput> are mapped to
        <computeroutput>/dev/video0</computeroutput>, alias
        <computeroutput>.2</computeroutput> is mapped to
        <computeroutput>/dev/video1</computeroutput> and so forth.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="adv-display-config">

    <title>Advanced Display Configuration</title>

    <sect2 id="customvesa">

      <title>Custom VESA Resolutions</title>

      <para>
        Apart from the standard VESA resolutions, the &product-name;
        VESA BIOS enables you to add up to 16 custom video modes which
        will be reported to the guest operating system. When using
        Windows guests with the &product-name; Guest Additions, a custom
        graphics driver will be used instead of the fallback VESA
        solution so this information does not apply.
      </para>

      <para>
        Additional video modes can be configured for each VM using the
        extra data facility. The extra data key is called
        <computeroutput>CustomVideoMode&lt;x&gt;</computeroutput> with
        <computeroutput>x</computeroutput> being a number from 1 to 16.
        Please note that modes will be read from 1 until either the
        following number is not defined or 16 is reached. The following
        example adds a video mode that corresponds to the native display
        resolution of many notebook computers:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "CustomVideoMode1" "1400x1050x16"</screen>

      <para>
        The VESA mode IDs for custom video modes start at
        <computeroutput>0x160</computeroutput>. In order to use the
        above defined custom video mode, the following command line has
        to be supplied to Linux:
      </para>

<screen>vga = 0x200 | 0x160
vga = 864</screen>

      <para>
        For guest operating systems with &product-name; Guest Additions,
        a custom video mode can be set using the video mode hint
        feature.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="max-resolution-guests">

      <title>Configuring the Maximum Resolution of Guests When Using the Graphical
        Frontend</title>

      <para>
        When guest systems with the Guest Additions installed are
        started using the graphical frontend, the normal &product-name;
        application, they will not be allowed to use screen resolutions
        greater than the host's screen size unless the user manually
        resizes them by dragging the window, switching to full screen or
        seamless mode or sending a video mode hint using
        <command>VBoxManage</command>. This behavior is what most users
        will want, but if you have different needs, it is possible to
        change it by issuing one of the following commands from the
        command line:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/MaxGuestResolution any</screen>

      <para>
        will remove all limits on guest resolutions.
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/MaxGuestResolution &gt;width,height&lt;</screen>

      <para>
        manually specifies a maximum resolution.
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/MaxGuestResolution auto</screen>

      <para>
        restores the default settings. Note that these settings apply
        globally to all guest systems, not just to a single machine.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="adv-storage-config">

    <title>Advanced Storage Configuration</title>

    <sect2 id="rawdisk">

      <title>Using a Raw Host Hard Disk From a Guest</title>

      <para>
        As an alternative to using virtual disk images as described in
        <xref linkend="storage" />, &product-name; can also present
        either entire physical hard disks or selected partitions as
        virtual disks to virtual machines.
      </para>

      <para>
        With &product-name;, this type of access is called <emphasis>raw
        hard disk access</emphasis>. It enables a guest operating system
        to access its virtual hard disk without going through the host
        OS file system. The actual performance difference for image
        files vs. raw disk varies greatly depending on the overhead of
        the host file system, whether dynamically growing images are
        used, and on host OS caching strategies. The caching indirectly
        also affects other aspects such as failure behavior. For
        example, whether the virtual disk contains all data written
        before a host OS crash. Consult your host OS documentation for
        details on this.
      </para>

      <warning>
        <para>
          Raw hard disk access is for expert users only. Incorrect use
          or use of an outdated configuration can lead to
          <emphasis role="bold">total loss of data</emphasis> on the
          physical disk. Most importantly, <emphasis>do not</emphasis>
          attempt to boot the partition with the currently running host
          operating system in a guest. This will lead to severe data
          corruption.
        </para>
      </warning>

      <para>
        Raw hard disk access, both for entire disks and individual
        partitions, is implemented as part of the VMDK image format
        support. As a result, you will need to create a special VMDK
        image file which defines where the data will be stored. After
        creating such a special VMDK image, you can use it like a
        regular virtual disk image. For example, you can use the
        VirtualBox Manager, see <xref linkend="vdis" />, or
        <command>VBoxManage</command> to assign the image to a virtual
        machine.
      </para>

      <sect3 id="rawdisk-access-entire-physical-disk">

        <title>Access to Entire Physical Hard Disk</title>

        <para>
          While this variant is the simplest to set up, you must be
          aware that this will give a guest operating system direct and
          full access to an <emphasis>entire physical disk</emphasis>.
          If your <emphasis>host</emphasis> operating system is also
          booted from this disk, please take special care to not access
          the partition from the guest at all. On the positive side, the
          physical disk can be repartitioned in arbitrary ways without
          having to recreate the image file that gives access to the raw
          disk.
        </para>

        <para>
          On a Linux host, to create an image that represents an entire
          physical hard disk which will not contain any actual data, as
          this will all be stored on the physical disk, use the
          following command:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /path/to/file.vmdk
  -rawdisk /dev/sda</screen>

        <para>
          This creates the image
          <computeroutput>/path/to/file.vmdk</computeroutput>, which
          must be an absolute path. All data will be read and written
          from <computeroutput>/dev/sda</computeroutput>.
        </para>

        <para>
          On a Windows host, instead of the above device specification,
          for example use
          <computeroutput>\\.\PhysicalDrive0</computeroutput>. On a Mac
          OS X host, instead of the above device specification use for
          example <computeroutput>/dev/disk1</computeroutput>. Note that
          on OS X you can only get access to an entire disk if no volume
          is mounted from it.
        </para>

        <para>
          Creating the image requires read/write access for the given
          device. Read/write access is also later needed when using the
          image from a virtual machine. On some host platforms, such as
          Windows Vista and later, raw disk access may be restricted and
          not permitted by the host OS in some situations.
        </para>

        <para>
          Just like with regular disk images, this does not
          automatically attach the newly created image to a virtual
          machine. This can be done as follows:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage storageattach WindowsXP --storagectl "IDE Controller"
 --port 0 --device 0 --type hdd --medium /path/to/file.vmdk</screen>

        <para>
          When this is done the selected virtual machine will boot from
          the specified physical disk.
        </para>

      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="rawdisk-access-disk-partitions">

        <title>Access to Individual Physical Hard Disk Partitions</title>

        <para>
          This <emphasis>raw partition support</emphasis> is quite
          similar to the full hard disk access described above. However,
          in this case, any partitioning information will be stored
          inside the VMDK image. This means that you can install a
          different boot loader in the virtual hard disk without
          affecting the host's partitioning information. While the guest
          will be able to <emphasis>see</emphasis> all partitions that
          exist on the physical disk, access will be filtered in that
          reading from partitions for which no access is allowed the
          partitions will only yield zeroes, and all writes to them are
          ignored.
        </para>

        <para>
          To create a special image for raw partition support, which
          will contain a small amount of data, on a Linux host, use the
          command:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /path/to/file.vmdk
 -rawdisk /dev/sda -partitions 1,5</screen>

        <para>
          The command is identical to the one for full hard disk access,
          except for the additional
          <computeroutput>-partitions</computeroutput> parameter. This
          example would create the image
          <computeroutput>/path/to/file.vmdk</computeroutput>, which
          must be absolute, and partitions 1 and 5 of
          <computeroutput>/dev/sda</computeroutput> would be made
          accessible to the guest.
        </para>

        <para>
          &product-name; uses the same partition numbering as your Linux
          host. As a result, the numbers given in the above example
          would refer to the first primary partition and the first
          logical drive in the extended partition, respectively.
        </para>

        <para>
          On a Windows host, instead of the above device specification,
          use for example
          <computeroutput>\\.\PhysicalDrive0</computeroutput>. On a Mac
          OS X host, instead of the above device specification use
          <computeroutput>/dev/disk1</computeroutput>, for example. Note
          that on OS X you can only use partitions which are not
          mounted. Eject the respective volume first. Partition numbers
          are the same on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X hosts.
        </para>

        <para>
          The numbers for the list of partitions can be taken from the
          output of the following command:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage internalcommands listpartitions -rawdisk /dev/sda</screen>

        <para>
          The output lists the partition types and sizes to give the
          user enough information to identify the partitions necessary
          for the guest.
        </para>

        <para>
          Images which give access to individual partitions are specific
          to a particular host disk setup. You cannot transfer these
          images to another host. Also, whenever the host partitioning
          changes, the image <emphasis>must be recreated</emphasis>.
        </para>

        <para>
          Creating the image requires read/write access for the given
          device. Read/write access is also later needed when using the
          image from a virtual machine. If this is not feasible, there
          is a special variant for raw partition access, currently only
          available on Linux hosts, that avoids having to give the
          current user access to the entire disk. To set up such an
          image, use:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /path/to/file.vmdk
 -rawdisk /dev/sda -partitions 1,5 -relative</screen>

        <para>
          When used from a virtual machine, the image will then refer
          not to the entire disk, but only to the individual partitions.
          In this example, <computeroutput>/dev/sda1</computeroutput>
          and <computeroutput>/dev/sda5</computeroutput>. As a
          consequence, read/write access is only required for the
          affected partitions, not for the entire disk. During creation
          however, read-only access to the entire disk is required to
          obtain the partitioning information.
        </para>

        <para>
          In some configurations it may be necessary to change the MBR
          code of the created image. For example, to replace the Linux
          boot loader that is used on the host by another boot loader.
          This enables for example the guest to boot directly to
          Windows, while the host boots Linux from the "same" disk. For
          this purpose the <computeroutput>-mbr</computeroutput>
          parameter is provided. It specifies a file name from which to
          take the MBR code. The partition table is not modified at all,
          so a MBR file from a system with totally different
          partitioning can be used. An example of this is:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /path/to/file.vmdk
 -rawdisk /dev/sda -partitions 1,5 -mbr winxp.mbr</screen>

        <para>
          The modified MBR will be stored inside the image, not on the
          host disk.
        </para>

        <para>
          The created image can be attached to a storage controller in a
          VM configuration as usual.
        </para>

      </sect3>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="changevpd">

      <title>Configuring the Hard Disk Vendor Product Data (VPD)</title>

      <para>
        &product-name; reports vendor product data for its virtual hard
        disks which consist of hard disk serial number, firmware
        revision and model number. These can be changed using the
        following commands:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/ahci/0/Config/Port0/SerialNumber" "serial"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/ahci/0/Config/Port0/FirmwareRevision" "firmware"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/ahci/0/Config/Port0/ModelNumber" "model"</screen>

      <para>
        The serial number is a 20 byte alphanumeric string, the firmware
        revision an 8 byte alphanumeric string and the model number a 40
        byte alphanumeric string. Instead of Port0, referring to the
        first port, specify the desired SATA hard disk port.
      </para>

      <para>
        The above commands apply to virtual machines with an AHCI (SATA)
        controller. The commands for virtual machines with an IDE
        controller are:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/piix3ide/0/Config/PrimaryMaster/SerialNumber" "serial"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/piix3ide/0/Config/PrimaryMaster/FirmwareRevision" "firmware"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/piix3ide/0/Config/PrimaryMaster/ModelNumber" "model"</screen>

      <para>
        For hard disks it is also possible to mark the drive as having a
        non-rotational medium with:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/ahci/0/Config/Port0/NonRotational" "1"</screen>

      <para>
        Additional three parameters are needed for CD/DVD drives to
        report the vendor product data:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/ahci/0/Config/Port0/ATAPIVendorId" "vendor"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/ahci/0/Config/Port0/ATAPIProductId" "product"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/ahci/0/Config/Port0/ATAPIRevision" "revision"</screen>

      <para>
        The vendor id is an 8 byte alphanumeric string, the product id
        an 16 byte alphanumeric string and the revision a 4 byte
        alphanumeric string. Instead of Port0, referring to the first
        port, specify the desired SATA hard disk port.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="iscsi-intnet">

      <title>Access iSCSI Targets Using Internal Networking</title>

      <para>
        As an experimental feature, &product-name; enables access to an
        iSCSI target running in a virtual machine which is configured to
        use Internal Networking mode. See
        <xref linkend="storage-iscsi" />,
        <xref linkend="network_internal" />, and
        <xref
      linkend="vboxmanage-storageattach" />.
      </para>

      <para>
        The IP stack accessing Internal Networking must be configured in
        the virtual machine which accesses the iSCSI target. A free
        static IP and a MAC address not used by other virtual machines
        must be chosen. In the example below, adapt the name of the
        virtual machine, the MAC address, the IP configuration, and the
        Internal Networking name (MyIntNet) according to your needs. The
        following eight commands must first be issued:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/Trusted 1
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/Config/MAC 08:00:27:01:02:0f
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/Config/IP 10.0.9.1
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/Config/Netmask 255.255.255.0
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/LUN#0/Driver IntNet
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/LUN#0/Config/Network MyIntNet
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/LUN#0/Config/TrunkType 2
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/Devices/IntNetIP/0/LUN#0/Config/IsService 1</screen>

      <para>
        Finally the iSCSI disk must be attached with the
        <computeroutput>--intnet</computeroutput> option to tell the
        iSCSI initiator to use internal networking, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage storageattach ... --medium iscsi
--server 10.0.9.30 --target iqn.2008-12.com.sun:sampletarget --intnet</screen>

      <para>
        Compared to a regular iSCSI setup, the IP address of the target
        <emphasis>must</emphasis> be specified as a numeric IP address,
        as there is no DNS resolver for internal networking.
      </para>

      <para>
        The virtual machine with the iSCSI target should be started
        before the VM using it is powered on. If a virtual machine using
        an iSCSI disk is started without having the iSCSI target powered
        up, it can take up to 200 seconds to detect this situation. The
        VM will fail to power up.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="serialports-legacy-cmds">

    <title>Legacy Commands for Using Serial Ports</title>

    <para>
      In legacy releases, &product-name; provided support for virtual
      serial ports. This was rather complicated to set up, requiring a
      sequence of <command>VBoxManage setextradata</command> statements.
      That method of setting up serial ports is no longer necessary and
      <emphasis>deprecated.</emphasis> To set up virtual serial ports,
      use the methods described in <xref linkend="serialports" />.
    </para>

    <note>
      <para>
        For backwards compatibility, the legacy
        <computeroutput>setextradata</computeroutput> statements, whose
        description is retained below from the old version of the
        manual, take <emphasis>precedence</emphasis> over the new way of
        configuring serial ports. As a result, if configuring serial
        ports the new way does not work, make sure the VM in question
        does not have old configuration data such as below still active.
      </para>
    </note>

    <para>
      The legacy sequence of configuring a serial port used the
      following commands:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/serial/0/Config/IRQ" 4
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/serial/0/Config/IOBase" 0x3f8
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/serial/0/LUN#0/Driver" Char
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/serial/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Driver" NamedPipe
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/serial/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/Location" "\\.\pipe\vboxCOM1"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/serial/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/IsServer" 1</screen>

    <para>
      This sets up a serial port in the guest with the default settings
      for COM1 (IRQ 4, I/O address 0x3f8) and the
      <computeroutput>Location</computeroutput> setting assumes that
      this configuration is used on a Windows host, because the Windows
      named pipe syntax is used. Keep in mind that on Windows hosts a
      named pipe must always start with
      <computeroutput>\\.\pipe\</computeroutput>. On Linux the same
      configuration settings apply, except that the path name for the
      <computeroutput>Location</computeroutput> can be chosen more
      freely. Local domain sockets can be placed anywhere, provided the
      user running &product-name; has the permission to create a new
      file in the directory. The final command above defines that
      &product-name; acts as a server. It creates the named pipe itself
      instead of connecting to an already existing one.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="changenat">

    <title>Fine Tuning the &product-name; NAT Engine</title>

    <sect2 id="nat-address-config">

      <title>Configuring the Address of a NAT Network Interface</title>

      <para>
        In NAT mode, the guest network interface is assigned to the IPv4
        range <computeroutput>10.0.x.0/24</computeroutput> by default
        where <computeroutput>x</computeroutput> corresponds to the
        instance of the NAT interface +2. So
        <computeroutput>x</computeroutput> is 2 when there is only one
        NAT instance active. In that case the guest is assigned to the
        address <computeroutput>10.0.2.15</computeroutput>, the gateway
        is set to <computeroutput>10.0.2.2</computeroutput> and the name
        server can be found at
        <computeroutput>10.0.2.3</computeroutput>.
      </para>

      <para>
        If the NAT network needs to be changed, use the following
        command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natnet1 "192.168/16"</screen>

      <para>
        This command would reserve the network addresses from
        <computeroutput>192.168.0.0</computeroutput> to
        <computeroutput>192.168.254.254</computeroutput> for the first
        NAT network instance of "VM name". The guest IP would be
        assigned to <computeroutput>192.168.0.15</computeroutput> and
        the default gateway could be found at
        <computeroutput>192.168.0.2</computeroutput>.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="nat-adv-tftp">

      <title>Configuring the Boot Server (Next Server) of a NAT Network Interface</title>

      <para>
        For network booting in NAT mode, by default &product-name; uses
        a built-in TFTP server at the IP address 10.0.2.4. This default
        behavior should work fine for typical remote-booting scenarios.
        However, it is possible to change the boot server IP and the
        location of the boot image with the following commands:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --nattftpserver1 10.0.2.2
VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --nattftpfile1 /srv/tftp/boot/MyPXEBoot.pxe</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="nat-adv-settings">

      <title>Tuning TCP/IP Buffers for NAT</title>

      <para>
        The &product-name; NAT stack performance is often determined by
        its interaction with the host's TCP/IP stack and the size of
        several buffers, <computeroutput>SO_RCVBUF</computeroutput> and
        <computeroutput>SO_SNDBUF</computeroutput>. For certain setups
        users might want to adjust the buffer size for a better
        performance. This can by achieved using the following commands,
        where values are in kilobytes and can range from 8 to 1024:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natsettings1 16000,128,128,0,0</screen>

      <para>
        This example illustrates tuning the NAT settings. The first
        parameter is the MTU, then the size of the socket's send buffer
        and the size of the socket's receive buffer, the initial size of
        the TCP send window, and lastly the initial size of the TCP
        receive window. Note that specifying zero means fallback to the
        default value.
      </para>

      <para>
        Each of these buffers has a default size of 64KB and default MTU
        is 1500.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="nat-bind-sockets">

      <title>Binding NAT Sockets to a Specific Interface</title>

      <para>
        By default, &product-name;'s NAT engine will route TCP/IP
        packets through the default interface assigned by the host's
        TCP/IP stack. The technical reason for this is that the NAT
        engine uses sockets for communication. If you want to change
        this behavior, you can tell the NAT engine to bind to a
        particular IP address instead. For example, use the following
        command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natbindip1 "10.45.0.2"</screen>

      <para>
        After this, all outgoing traffic will be sent through the
        interface with the IP address 10.45.0.2. Ensure that this
        interface is up and running before changing the NAT bind
        address.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="nat-adv-dns">

      <title>Enabling DNS Proxy in NAT Mode</title>

      <para>
        The NAT engine by default offers the same DNS servers to the
        guest that are configured on the host. In some scenarios, it can
        be desirable to hide the DNS server IPs from the guest, for
        example when this information can change on the host due to
        expiring DHCP leases. In this case, you can tell the NAT engine
        to act as DNS proxy using the following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natdnsproxy1 on</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="nat_host_resolver_proxy">

      <title>Using the Host's Resolver as a DNS Proxy in NAT Mode</title>

      <para>
        For resolving network names, the DHCP server of the NAT engine
        offers a list of registered DNS servers of the host. If for some
        reason you need to hide this DNS server list and use the host's
        resolver settings, thereby forcing the &product-name; NAT engine
        to intercept DNS requests and forward them to host's resolver,
        use the following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natdnshostresolver1 on</screen>

      <para>
        Note that this setting is similar to the DNS proxy mode, however
        whereas the proxy mode just forwards DNS requests to the
        appropriate servers, the resolver mode will interpret the DNS
        requests and use the host's DNS API to query the information and
        return it to the guest.
      </para>

      <sect3 id="nat_host_resolver_name_intercepting">

        <title>User-Defined Host Name Resolving</title>

        <para>
          In some cases it might be useful to intercept the name
          resolving mechanism, providing a user-defined IP address on a
          particular DNS request. The intercepting mechanism enables the
          user to map not only a single host but domains and even more
          complex naming conventions if required.
        </para>

        <para>
          The following command sets a rule for mapping a name to a
          specified IP:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/{pcnet,e1000}/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/HostResolverMappings/ \
      &lt;unique rule name of interception rule&gt;/HostIP" &lt;IPv4&gt;
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/{pcnet,e1000}/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/HostResolverMappings/ \
      &lt;unique rule name&gt;/HostName" &lt;name of host&gt;</screen>

        <para>
          The following command sets a rule for mapping a pattern name
          to a specified IP:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/{pcnet,e1000}/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/HostResolverMappings/ \
      &lt;unique rule name&gt;/HostIP" &lt;IPv4&gt;
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/{pcnet,e1000}/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/HostResolverMappings/ \
      &lt;unique rule name&gt;/HostNamePattern" &lt;hostpattern&gt;</screen>

        <para>
          The host pattern may include <computeroutput>"|", "?" and
          "*"</computeroutput>.
        </para>

        <para>
          This example demonstrates how to instruct the host-resolver
          mechanism to resolve all domain and probably some mirrors of
          www.blocked-site.info site with IP 127.0.0.1:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/e1000/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/HostResolverMappings/ \
      all_blocked_site/HostIP" 127.0.0.1
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/e1000/0/LUN#0/AttachedDriver/Config/HostResolverMappings/ \
      all_blocked_site/HostNamePattern" "*.blocked-site.*|*.fb.org"</screen>

        <para>
          The host resolver mechanism should be enabled to use
          user-defined mapping rules, otherwise they do not have any
          effect.
        </para>

      </sect3>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="nat-adv-alias">

      <title>Configuring Aliasing of the NAT Engine</title>

      <para>
        By default, the NAT core uses aliasing and uses random ports
        when generating an alias for a connection. This works well for
        the most protocols like SSH, FTP and so on. Though some
        protocols might need a more transparent behavior or may depend
        on the real port number the packet was sent from. It is possible
        to change the NAT mode using the <command>VBoxManage</command>
        frontend with the following commands:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --nataliasmode1 proxyonly</screen>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "Linux Guest" --nataliasmode1 sameports</screen>

      <para>
        The first example disables aliasing and switches NAT into
        transparent mode, the second example enforces preserving of port
        values. These modes can be combined if necessary.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="changedmi">

    <title>Configuring the BIOS DMI Information</title>

    <para>
      The DMI data that &product-name; provides to guests can be changed
      for a specific VM. Use the following commands to configure the DMI
      BIOS information. In case your VM is configured to use EFI
      firmware you need to replace
      <computeroutput>pcbios</computeroutput> by
      <computeroutput>efi</computeroutput> in the keys.
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          DMI BIOS information (type 0)
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSVendor"        "BIOS Vendor"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSVersion"       "BIOS Version"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSReleaseDate"   "BIOS Release Date"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSReleaseMajor"  1
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSReleaseMinor"  2
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSFirmwareMajor" 3
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSFirmwareMinor" 4</screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          DMI system information (type 1)
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemVendor"      "System Vendor"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemProduct"     "System Product"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemVersion"     "System Version"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemSerial"      "System Serial"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemSKU"         "System SKU"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemFamily"      "System Family"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemUuid"
       "9852bf98-b83c-49db-a8de-182c42c7226b"</screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          DMI board information (type 2)
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBoardVendor"       "Board Vendor"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBoardProduct"      "Board Product"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBoardVersion"      "Board Version"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBoardSerial"       "Board Serial"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBoardAssetTag"     "Board Tag"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBoardLocInChass"   "Board Location"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBoardBoardType"    10</screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          DMI system enclosure or chassis (type 3)
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiChassisVendor"     "Chassis Vendor"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiChassisType"       3
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiChassisVersion"    "Chassis Version"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiChassisSerial"     "Chassis Serial"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiChassisAssetTag"   "Chassis Tag"</screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          DMI processor information (type 4)
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiProcManufacturer"  "GenuineIntel"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiProcVersion"       "Pentium(R) III"</screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          DMI OEM strings (type 11)
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiOEMVBoxVer"        "vboxVer_1.2.3"
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiOEMVBoxRev"        "vboxRev_12345"</screen>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <para>
      If a DMI string is not set, the default value of &product-name; is
      used. To set an empty string use
      <computeroutput>"&lt;EMPTY&gt;"</computeroutput>.
    </para>

    <para>
      Note that in the above list, all quoted parameters (DmiBIOSVendor,
      DmiBIOSVersion but not DmiBIOSReleaseMajor) are expected to be
      strings. If such a string is a valid number, the parameter is
      treated as number and the VM will most probably refuse to start
      with an <computeroutput>VERR_CFGM_NOT_STRING</computeroutput>
      error. In that case, use
      <computeroutput>"string:&lt;value&gt;"</computeroutput>. For
      example:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
      "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemSerial"      "string:1234"</screen>

    <para>
      Changing this information can be necessary to provide the DMI
      information of the host to the guest to prevent Windows from
      asking for a new product key. On Linux hosts, the DMI BIOS
      information can be obtained with the following command:
    </para>

<screen>dmidecode -t0</screen>

    <para>
      The DMI system information can be obtained as follows:
    </para>

<screen>dmidecode -t1</screen>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="changeacpicust">

    <title>Configuring Custom ACPI Tables</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; can be configured to present up to four custom ACPI
      tables to the guest. A command such as the following can be used
      to configure custom ACPI tables. Note that CustomTable1,
      CustomTable2, and CustomTable3 are available in addition to
      CustomTable0.
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"
"VBoxInternal/Devices/acpi/0/Config/CustomTable0" "/path/to/table.bin"</screen>

    <para>
      Configuring custom ACPI tables can for example avoid the need for
      asking for a new product key on Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows
      8 and later guests. On Linux hosts, one of the system's ACPI
      tables can be read from
      <computeroutput>/sys/firmware/acpi/tables/</computeroutput>.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="fine-tune-timers">

    <title>Fine Tuning Timers and Time Synchronization</title>

    <sect2 id="changetscmode">

      <title>Configuring the Guest Time Stamp Counter (TSC) to Reflect Guest
        Execution</title>

      <para>
        By default, &product-name; keeps all sources of time visible to
        the guest synchronized to a single time source, the monotonic
        host time. This reflects the assumptions of many guest operating
        systems, which expect all time sources to reflect "wall clock"
        time. In special circumstances it may be useful however to make
        the time stamp counter (TSC) in the guest reflect the time
        actually spent executing the guest.
      </para>

      <para>
        This special TSC handling mode can be enabled on a per-VM basis,
        and for best results must be used only in combination with
        hardware virtualization. To enable this mode use the following
        command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "VBoxInternal/TM/TSCTiedToExecution" 1</screen>

      <para>
        To revert to the default TSC handling mode use:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "VBoxInternal/TM/TSCTiedToExecution"</screen>

      <para>
        Note that if you use the special TSC handling mode with a guest
        operating system which is very strict about the consistency of
        time sources you may get a warning or error message about the
        timing inconsistency. It may also cause clocks to become
        unreliable with some guest operating systems depending on how
        they use the TSC.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="warpguest">

      <title>Accelerate or Slow Down the Guest Clock</title>

      <para>
        For certain purposes it can be useful to accelerate or to slow
        down the virtual guest clock. This can be achieved as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "VBoxInternal/TM/WarpDrivePercentage" 200</screen>

      <para>
        The above example will double the speed of the guest clock while
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "VBoxInternal/TM/WarpDrivePercentage" 50</screen>

      <para>
        will halve the speed of the guest clock. Note that changing the
        rate of the virtual clock can confuse the guest and can even
        lead to abnormal guest behavior. For instance, a higher clock
        rate means shorter timeouts for virtual devices with the result
        that a slightly increased response time of a virtual device due
        to an increased host load can cause guest failures. Note further
        that any time synchronization mechanism will frequently try to
        resynchronize the guest clock with the reference clock, which is
        the host clock if the &product-name; Guest Additions are active.
        Therefore any time synchronization should be disabled if the
        rate of the guest clock is changed as described above. See
        <xref linkend="changetimesync" />.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="changetimesync">

      <title>Tuning the Guest Additions Time Synchronization Parameters</title>

      <para>
        The &product-name; Guest Additions ensure that the guest's
        system time is synchronized with the host time. There are
        several parameters which can be tuned. The parameters can be set
        for a specific VM using the following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage guestproperty set "VM name" "/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/VBoxService/PARAMETER" VALUE</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>PARAMETER</computeroutput> is one of the
        following:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>--timesync-interval</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Specifies the interval at which to synchronize the time
              with the host. The default is 10000 ms (10 seconds).
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>--timesync-min-adjust</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The minimum absolute drift value measured in milliseconds
              to make adjustments for. The default is 1000 ms on OS/2
              and 100 ms elsewhere.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>--timesync-latency-factor</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The factor to multiply the time query latency with to
              calculate the dynamic minimum adjust time. The default is
              8 times, which means as follows:
            </para>

            <para>
              Measure the time it takes to determine the host time, the
              guest has to contact the VM host service which may take
              some time. Multiply this value by 8 and do an adjustment
              only if the time difference between host and guest is
              bigger than this value. Do not do any time adjustment
              otherwise.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>--timesync-max-latency</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The max host timer query latency to accept. The default is
              250 ms.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>--timesync-set-threshold</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The absolute drift threshold, given as milliseconds where
              to start setting the time instead of trying to smoothly
              adjust it. The default is 20 minutes.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>--timesync-set-start</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Set the time when starting the time sync service.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>--timesync-set-on-restore
            0|1</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Set the time after the VM was restored from a saved state
              when passing 1 as parameter. This is the default. Disable
              by passing 0. In the latter case, the time will be
              adjusted smoothly, which can take a long time.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        All these parameters can be specified as command line parameters
        to VBoxService as well.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="disabletimesync">

      <title>Disabling the Guest Additions Time Synchronization</title>

      <para>
        Once installed and started, the &product-name; Guest Additions
        will try to synchronize the guest time with the host time. This
        can be prevented by forbidding the guest service from reading
        the host clock:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/VMMDev/0/Config/GetHostTimeDisabled" 1</screen>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="vboxbowsolaris11">

    <title>Installing the Alternate Bridged Networking Driver on Oracle Solaris 11
      hosts</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; includes a network filter driver that utilizes
      Oracle Solaris 11's Crossbow functionality. By default, this new
      driver is installed for Oracle Solaris 11 hosts, builds 159 and
      above, that have support for it.
    </para>

    <para>
      To force installation of the older STREAMS based network filter
      driver, execute as root the following command before installing
      the &product-name; package:
    </para>

<screen>touch /etc/vboxinst_vboxflt</screen>

    <para>
      To force installation of the Crossbow based network filter driver,
      execute as root the following command before installing the
      &product-name; package:
    </para>

<screen>touch /etc/vboxinst_vboxbow</screen>

    <para>
      To check which driver is currently being used by &product-name;,
      execute:
    </para>

<screen>modinfo | grep vbox</screen>

    <para>
      If the output contains "vboxbow", it indicates &product-name; is
      using the Crossbow network filter driver, while the name "vboxflt"
      indicates usage of the older STREAMS network filter.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="vboxbowvnictemplates">

    <title>&product-name; VNIC Templates for VLANs on Oracle Solaris 11 Hosts</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; supports Virtual Network Interface (VNIC) templates
      for configuring VMs over VLANs. An &product-name; VNIC template is
      a VNIC whose name starts with
      <computeroutput>vboxvnic_template</computeroutput>. The string is
      case-sensitive.
    </para>

    <para>
      On Oracle Solaris 11 hosts, when Crossbow-based bridged networking
      is used, a VNIC template may be used to specify the VLAN ID to use
      while bridging over a network link.
    </para>

    <para>
      The following is an example of how to use a VNIC template to
      configure a VM over a VLAN. Create an &product-name; VNIC
      template, by executing as root:
    </para>

<screen>dladm create-vnic -t -l nge0 -v 23 vboxvnic_template0</screen>

    <para>
      This will create a temporary VNIC template over interface "nge0"
      with the VLAN ID 23. To create VNIC templates that are persistent
      across host reboots, skip the <computeroutput>-t</computeroutput>
      parameter in the above command. You may check the current state of
      links using the following command:
    </para>

<screen>$ dladm show-link
LINK        CLASS     MTU    STATE    BRIDGE     OVER
nge0        phys      1500   up       --         --
nge1        phys      1500   down     --         --
vboxvnic_template0 vnic 1500 up       --         nge0

$ dladm show-vnic
LINK         OVER         SPEED  MACADDRESS        MACADDRTYPE         VID
vboxvnic_template0 nge0   1000   2:8:20:25:12:75   random              23</screen>

    <para>
      Once the VNIC template is created, any VMs that need to be on VLAN
      23 over the interface <computeroutput>nge0</computeroutput> can be
      configured to bridge using this VNIC template.
    </para>

    <para>
      VNIC templates makes managing VMs on VLANs simpler and efficient.
      The VLAN details are not stored as part of every VM's
      configuration but rather inherited from the VNIC template while
      starting the VM. The VNIC template itself can be modified anytime
      using the <command>dladm</command> command.
    </para>

    <para>
      VNIC templates can be created with additional properties such as
      bandwidth limits, CPU fanout etc. Refer to your Oracle Solaris
      network documentation on how to accomplish this. These additional
      properties, if any, are also applied to VMs which bridge using the
      VNIC template.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="addhostonlysolaris">

    <title>Configuring Multiple Host-Only Network Interfaces on Oracle Solaris
      Hosts</title>

    <para>
      By default &product-name; provides you with one host-only network
      interface. Adding more host-only network interfaces on Oracle
      Solaris hosts requires manual configuration. Here is how to add
      another host-only network interface.
    </para>

    <para>
      Begin by stopping all running VMs. Then, unplumb the existing
      "vboxnet0" interface by execute the following command as root:
    </para>

<screen>ifconfig vboxnet0 unplumb</screen>

    <para>
      If you have several vboxnet interfaces, you will need to unplumb
      all of them. Once all vboxnet interfaces are unplumbed, remove the
      driver by executing the following command as root:
    </para>

<screen>rem_drv vboxnet</screen>

    <para>
      Edit the file
      <computeroutput>/platform/i86pc/kernel/drv/vboxnet.conf</computeroutput>
      and add a line for the new interface we want to add as shown
      below:
    </para>

<screen>name="vboxnet" parent="pseudo" instance=1;
name="vboxnet" parent="pseudo" instance=2;</screen>

    <para>
      Add as many of these lines as required with each line having a
      unique instance number.
    </para>

    <para>
      Next, reload the vboxnet driver by executing the following command
      as root:
    </para>

<screen>add_drv vboxnet</screen>

    <para>
      On Oracle Solaris 11.1 and newer hosts you may want to rename the
      default vanity interface name. To check what name has been
      assigned, execute:
    </para>

<screen>dladm show-phys
LINK              MEDIA                STATE      SPEED  DUPLEX    DEVICE
net0              Ethernet             up         100    full      e1000g0
net2              Ethernet             up         1000   full      vboxnet1
net1              Ethernet             up         1000   full      vboxnet0</screen>

    <para>
      In the above example, we can rename "net2" to "vboxnet1" before
      proceeding to plumb the interface. This can be done by executing
      as root:
    </para>

<screen>dladm rename-link net2 vboxnet1</screen>

    <para>
      Now plumb all the interfaces using <computeroutput>ifconfig
      vboxnetX plumb</computeroutput>, where 'X' would be 1 in this
      case. Once the interface is plumbed, it may be configured like any
      other network interface. Refer to the
      <computeroutput>ifconfig</computeroutput> documentation for
      further details.
    </para>

    <para>
      To make the settings for the newly added interfaces persistent
      across reboots, you will need to edit the files
      <computeroutput>/etc/inet/netmasks</computeroutput>, and if you
      are using NWAM <computeroutput>/etc/nwam/llp</computeroutput> and
      add the appropriate entries to set the netmask and static IP for
      each of those interfaces. The &product-name; installer only
      updates these configuration files for the one "vboxnet0" interface
      it creates by default.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="solariscodedumper">

    <title>Configuring the &product-name; CoreDumper on Oracle Solaris Hosts</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; is capable of producing its own core files for
      extensive debugging when things go wrong. Currently this is only
      available on Oracle Solaris hosts.
    </para>

    <para>
      The &product-name; CoreDumper can be enabled using the following
      command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal2/CoreDumpEnabled 1</screen>

    <para>
      You can specify which directory to use for core dumps with this
      command, as follows:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal2/CoreDumpDir &lt;path-to-directory&gt;</screen>

    <para>
      Make sure the directory you specify is on a volume with sufficient
      free space and that the &product-name; process has sufficient
      permissions to write files to this directory. If you skip this
      command and do not specify any core dump directory, the current
      directory of the &product-name; executable will be used. This
      would most likely fail when writing cores as they are protected
      with root permissions. It is recommended you explicitly set a core
      dump directory.
    </para>

    <para>
      You must specify when the &product-name; CoreDumper should be
      triggered. This is done using the following commands:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal2/CoreDumpReplaceSystemDump 1
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal2/CoreDumpLive 1</screen>

    <para>
      At least one of the above two commands will have to be provided if
      you have enabled the &product-name; CoreDumper.
    </para>

    <para>
      Setting <computeroutput>CoreDumpReplaceSystemDump</computeroutput>
      sets up the VM to override the host's core dumping mechanism and
      in the event of any crash only the &product-name; CoreDumper would
      produce the core file.
    </para>

    <para>
      Setting <computeroutput>CoreDumpLive</computeroutput> sets up the
      VM to produce cores whenever the VM process receives a
      <computeroutput>SIGUSR2</computeroutput> signal. After producing
      the core file, the VM will not be terminated and will continue to
      run. You can thus take cores of the VM process using the following
      command:
    </para>

<screen>kill -s SIGUSR2 &lt;VM-process-id&gt;</screen>

    <para>
      Core files produced by the &product-name; CoreDumper are of the
      form
      <computeroutput>core.vb.&lt;ProcessName&gt;.&lt;ProcessID&gt;</computeroutput>,
      for example
      <computeroutput>core.vb.VBoxHeadless.11321</computeroutput>.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="vboxandsolzvmm">

    <title>&product-name; and Oracle Solaris Kernel Zones</title>

    <para>
      Oracle Solaris kernel zones on x86-based systems make use of
      hardware-assisted virtualization features like &product-name;
      does. However, for kernel zones and &product-name; to share this
      hardware resource, they need to cooperate.
    </para>

    <para>
      By default, due to performance reasons, &product-name; acquires
      the hardware-assisted virtualization resource (VT-x/AMD-V)
      globally on the host machine and uses it until the last
      &product-name; VM that requires it is powered off. This prevents
      other software from using VT-x/AMD-V during the time
      &product-name; has taken control of it.
    </para>

    <para>
      &product-name; can be instructed to relinquish use of
      hardware-assisted virtualization features when not executing guest
      code, thereby allowing kernel zones to make use of them. To do
      this, shutdown all &product-name; VMs and execute the following
      command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setproperty hwvirtexclusive off</screen>

    <para>
      This command needs to be executed only once as the setting is
      stored as part of the global &product-name; settings which will
      continue to persist across host-reboots and &product-name;
      upgrades.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="guitweaks">

    <title>Locking Down the &product-name; GUI</title>

    <sect2 id="customize-vm-manager">

      <title>Customizing the VirtualBox Manager</title>

      <para>
        There are several advanced customization settings for locking
        down the VirtualBox Manager. Locking down means removing some
        features that the user should not see.
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/Customizations OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>noSelector</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow users to start the VirtualBox Manager. Trying
              to do so will show a window containing a proper error
              message.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>noMenuBar</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              VM windows will not contain a menu bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>noStatusBar</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              VM windows will not contain a status bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        To disable any of these VirtualBox Manager customizations use
        the following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/Customizations</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="customize-vm-selector">

      <title>VM Selector Customization</title>

      <para>
        The following per-machine VM extradata settings can be used to
        change the behavior of the VM selector window in respect of
        certain VMs:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" SETTING true</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>SETTING</computeroutput> can be:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>GUI/HideDetails</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the VM configuration of a certain VM. The
              details window will remain just empty if this VM is
              selected.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>GUI/PreventReconfiguration</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow the user to open the
              <emphasis role="bold">Settings</emphasis> dialog for a
              certain VM.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>GUI/PreventSnapshotOperations</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Prevent snapshot operations for a VM from the GUI, either
              at runtime or when the VM is powered off.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>GUI/HideFromManager</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Hide a certain VM in the VM selector window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>GUI/PreventApplicationUpdate</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Disable the automatic update check and hide the
              corresponding menu item.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        Please note that these settings would not prevent the user from
        reconfiguring the VM by using <command>VBoxManage
        modifyvm</command>.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="config-vm-selector-menu">

      <title>Configure VM Selector Menu Entries</title>

      <para>
        You can disable, or blacklist, certain entries in the global
        settings page of the VM selector:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/RestrictedGlobalSettingsPages OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>General</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">General</emphasis>
              settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Input</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Input</emphasis>
              settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Update</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Update</emphasis>
              settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Language</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Language</emphasis>
              settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Display</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Display</emphasis>
              settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Network</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Network</emphasis>
              settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Extensions</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the
              <emphasis role="bold">Extensions</emphasis> settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Proxy</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Proxy</emphasis>
              settings pane.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a global setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/RestrictedGlobalSettingsPages</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="config-vm-window-menu">

      <title>Configure VM Window Menu Entries</title>

      <para>
        You can disable, or blacklist, certain menu actions in the VM
        window:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeMenus OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>All</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show any menu in the VM window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Machine</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Machine</emphasis>
              menu in the VM window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>View</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">View</emphasis> menu
              in the VM window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Devices</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Devices</emphasis>
              menu in the VM window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Help</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Help</emphasis> menu
              in the VM window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Debug</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Debug</emphasis>
              menu in the VM window. The Debug menu is only visible if
              the GUI was started with special command line parameters
              or environment variable settings.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeMenus</screen>

      <para>
        You can also disable, or blacklist, certain menu actions of
        certain menus. Use the following command to disable certain
        actions of the <emphasis role="bold">Application</emphasis>
        menu. This is only available on Mac OS X hosts.
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeApplicationMenuActions OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>All</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show any menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>About</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">About</emphasis>
              menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeMenus</screen>

      <para>
        Use the following command to disable certain actions of the
        <emphasis role="bold">Machine</emphasis> menu:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeApplicationMenuActions OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>All</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show any menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>SettingsDialog</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Settings</emphasis>
              menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>TakeSnapshot</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Take
              Snapshot</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>TakeScreenshot</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Take
              Screenshot</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>InformationDialog</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Session
              Information</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>MouseIntegration</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Disable Mouse
              Integration</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>TypeCAD</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Insert
              Ctrl+Alt+Del</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>TypeCABS</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Insert
              Ctrl+Alt+Backspace</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
              Available on X11 hosts only.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Pause</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Pause</emphasis>
              menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Reset</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Reset</emphasis>
              menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>SaveState</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Save the machine
              state</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Shutdown</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">ACPI
              Shutdown</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>PowerOff</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Power Off the
              machine</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeApplicationMenuActions</screen>

      <para>
        Use the following command to disable certain actions of the
        <emphasis role="bold">View</emphasis> menu:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeViewMenuActions OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>All</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show any menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Fullscreen</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Switch to
              Fullscreen</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Seamless</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Switch to Seamless
              Mode</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Scale</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Switch to Scaled
              Mode</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>GuestAutoresize</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Auto-resize Guest
              Display</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>AdjustWindow</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Adjust Window
              Size</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Multiscreen</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the
              <emphasis role="bold">Multiscreen</emphasis> menu item in
              this menu. Only visible in full screen/seamless mode.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeViewMenuActions</screen>

      <para>
        Use the following command to disable certain actions of the
        <emphasis role="bold">View</emphasis> menu:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeDevicesMenuActions OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords to disable actions in the
        <emphasis role="bold">Devices</emphasis> menu:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>All</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show any menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>OpticalDevices</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">CD/DVD
              Devices</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>FloppyDevices</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Floppy
              Devices</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>USBDevices</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">USB
              Devices</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>SharedClipboard</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Shared
              Clipboard</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>DragAndDrop</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Drag and
              Drop</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>NetworkSettings</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Network
              Settings...</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>SharedFoldersSettings</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Shared Folders
              Settings...</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>VRDEServer</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Remove
              Display</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>InstallGuestTools</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Insert Guest
              Additions CD image...</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeDevicesMenuActions</screen>

      <para>
        Use the following command to disable certain actions of the
        <emphasis role="bold">View</emphasis> menu:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeDebuggerMenuActions OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords to disable actions in the
        <emphasis>Debug</emphasis> menu, which is normally completely
        disabled:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>All</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show any menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Statistics</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the
              <emphasis role="bold">Statistics...</emphasis> menu item
              in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>CommandLine</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Command
              Line...</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Logging</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the
              <emphasis role="bold">Logging...</emphasis> menu item in
              this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>LogDialog</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Show
              Log...</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeDebuggerMenuActions</screen>

      <para>
        Use the following command to disable certain actions of the
        <emphasis role="bold">View</emphasis> menu:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeHelpMenuActions OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords to disable actions in the
        <emphasis role="bold">Help</emphasis> menu, which is normally
        completely disabled:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>All</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show any menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Contents</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the
              <emphasis role="bold">Contents...</emphasis> menu item in
              this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>WebSite</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">VirtualBox Web
              Site...</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>ResetWarnings</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Reset All
              Warnings</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>NetworkAccessManager</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">Network Operations
              Manager</emphasis> menu item in this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>About</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the <emphasis role="bold">About</emphasis>
              menu item in this menu. Only for non-Mac OS X hosts.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Contents</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the
              <emphasis role="bold">Contents...</emphasis> menu item in
              this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Contents</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the
              <emphasis role="bold">Contents...</emphasis> menu item in
              this menu.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedRuntimeHelpMenuActions</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="config-vm-window-status-bar">

      <title>Configure VM Window Status Bar Entries</title>

      <para>
        You can disable, or blacklist, certain status bar items:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedStatusBarIndicators OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>HardDisks</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the hard disk icon in the VM window status
              bar. By default the hard disk icon is only shown if the VM
              configuration contains one or more hard disks.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>OpticalDisks</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the CD icon in the VM window status bar. By
              default the CD icon is only shown if the VM configuration
              contains one or more CD drives.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>FloppyDisks</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the floppy icon in the VM window status bar.
              By default the floppy icon is only shown if the VM
              configuration contains one or more floppy drives.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Network</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the network icon in the VM window status bar.
              By default the network icon is only shown if the VM
              configuration contains one or more active network
              adapters.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>USB</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the USB icon in the status bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>SharedFolders</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the shared folders icon in the status bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Capture</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the capture icon in the status bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Features</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the CPU features icon in the status bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Mouse</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the mouse icon in the status bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Keyboard</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not show the keyboard icon in the status bar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. If all options are specified, no icons are displayed in
        the status bar of the VM window. To restore the default
        behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedStatusBarIndicators</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="config-vm-window-visual-modes">

      <title>Configure VM Window Visual Modes</title>

      <para>
        You can disable, or blacklist, certain VM visual modes:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedVisualStates OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Fullscreen</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow to switch the VM into full screen mode.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Seamless</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow to switch the VM into seamless mode.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Scale</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow to switch the VM into scale mode.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedVisualStates</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="host-key-customize">

      <title>Host Key Customization</title>

      <para>
        To disable all Host key combinations, open the preferences and
        change the Host key to None. This might be useful when using
        &product-name; in a kiosk mode.
      </para>

      <para>
        To redefine or disable certain Host key actions, use the
        following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/Input/MachineShortcuts "FullscreenMode=F,...."</screen>

      <para>
        The following table shows the possible Host key actions,
        together with their default Host key shortcut. Setting an action
        to None will disable that Host key action.
      </para>

      <table id="table-host-key-customize" tabstyle="oracle-all">
        <title>Host Key Customization</title>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Action</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Default Key</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Action</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
            </row>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>TakeSnapshot</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  T
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Take a snapshot
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>TakeScreenshot</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  E
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Take a screenshot
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>MouseIntegration</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  I
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Toggle mouse integration
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>TypeCAD</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Del
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Inject Ctrl+Alt+Del
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>TypeCABS</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Backspace
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Inject Ctrl+Alt+Backspace
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>Pause</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  P
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Pause the VM
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>Reset</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  R
                </para></entry>
              <entry>Hard reset the guest</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SaveState</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Save the VM state and terminate the VM
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>Shutdown</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  H
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Press the virtual ACPI power button
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>PowerOff</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Power off the VM without saving the state
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>Close</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Q
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Show the Close VM dialog
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>FullscreenMode</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  F
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Switch the VM into full screen mode
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SeamlessMode</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  L
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Switch the VM into seamless mode
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>ScaleMode</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  C
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Switch the VM into scaled mode
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>GuestAutoResize</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  G
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Automatically resize the guest window
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>WindowAdjust</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  A
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Immediately resize the guest window
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>PopupMenu</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Home
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Show the popup menu in full screen mode and seamless
                  mode
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SettingsDialog</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  S
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Open the VM Settings dialog
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>InformationDialog</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  N
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Show the VM Session Information window
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>NetworkAdaptersDialog</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Show the VM Network Adapters dialog
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SharedFoldersDialog</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Show the VM Shared Folders dialog
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>InstallGuestAdditions</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  D
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Mount the ISO containing the Guest Additions
                </para></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>

      <para>
        To disable full screen mode and seamless mode, use the following
        command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/Input/MachineShortcuts "FullscreenMode=None,SeamlessMode=None"</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="terminate-vm-action">

      <title>Action when Terminating the VM</title>

      <para>
        You can disallow, or blacklist, certain actions when terminating
        a VM. To disallow specific actions, use the following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/RestrictedCloseActions OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>SaveState</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow the user to save the VM state when
              terminating the VM.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Shutdown</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow the user to shutdown the VM by sending the
              ACPI power-off event to the guest.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>PowerOff</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow the user to power off the VM.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>PowerOffRestoringSnapshot</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow the user to return to the last snapshot when
              powering off the VM.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Detach</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Do not allow the user to detach from the VM process if the
              VM was started in separate mode.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. If all options are specified, the VM cannot be shut
        down at all.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="terminate-vm-default-action">

      <title>Default Action when Terminating the VM</title>

      <para>
        You can define a specific action for terminating a VM. In
        contrast to the setting decribed in the previous section, this
        setting allows only one action when the user terminates the VM.
        No exit menu is shown. Use the following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/DefaultCloseAction ACTION</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>ACTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>SaveState</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Save the VM state before terminating the VM process.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Shutdown</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The VM is shut down by sending the ACPI power-off event to
              the guest.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>PowerOff</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The VM is powered off.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>PowerOffRestoringSnapshot</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The VM is powered off and the saved state returns to the
              last snapshot.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Detach</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Terminate the frontend but leave the VM process running.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. If all options are specified, the VM cannot be shut
        down at all.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="guru-meditation-action">

      <title>Action for Handling a Guru Meditation</title>

      <para>
        A VM runs into a Guru Meditation if there is a problem which
        cannot be fixed by other means than terminating the process. The
        default is to show a message window which instructs the user to
        open a bug report.
      </para>

      <para>
        This behavior can be configured as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/GuruMeditationHandler MODE</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>MODE</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Default</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              A message window is shown. After the user confirmed, the
              VM is terminated.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>PowerOff</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The VM is immediately powered-off without showing any
              message window. The VM logfile will show information about
              what happened.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Ignore</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The VM is left in stuck mode. Execution is stopped but no
              message window is shown. The VM has to be powered off
              manually.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="mouse-capture">

      <title>Configuring Automatic Mouse Capturing</title>

      <para>
        By default, the mouse is captured if the user clicks on the
        guest window and the guest expects relative mouse coordinates at
        this time. This happens if the pointing device is configured as
        PS/2 mouse and the guest has not yet started the &product-name;
        Guest Additions. For instance, the guest is booting or the Guest
        Additions are not installed, or if the pointing device is
        configured as a USB tablet but the guest has no USB driver
        loaded yet. Once the Guest Additions become active or the USB
        guest driver is started, the mouse capture is automatically
        released.
      </para>

      <para>
        The default behavior is sometimes not desired. Therefore it can
        be configured as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/MouseCapturePolicy MODE</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>MODE</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Default</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The default behavior as described above.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>HostComboOnly</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The mouse is only captured if the Host Key is toggled.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>Disabled</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              The mouse is never captured, also not by toggling the Host
              Key
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

      <para>
        This is a per-VM setting.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="legacy-fullscreen-mode">

      <title>Requesting Legacy Full-Screen Mode</title>

      <para>
        &product-name; uses special window manager facilities to switch
        a multi-screen machine to full-screen on a multi-monitor host
        system. However, not all window managers provide these
        facilities correctly. &product-name; can be configured to use a
        legacy method of switching to full-screen mode instead, by using
        the command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/Fullscreen/LegacyMode true</screen>

      <para>
        You can go back to the default method by using the following
        command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/Fullscreen/LegacyMode</screen>

      <para>
        This is a global setting.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="restrict-network-attachments">

      <title>Removing Certain Modes of Networking from the GUI</title>

      <para>
       It is possible to remove  networking modes from
       &product-name; GUI. To achieve this:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/RestrictedNetworkAttachmentTypes OPTION[,OPTION...]</screen>

      <para>
        where <computeroutput>OPTION</computeroutput> is one of the
        following keywords:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>NAT</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Remove the <emphasis role="bold">NAT</emphasis> option
              from the GUI.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>NATNetwork</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Remove the <emphasis role="bold">NAT network</emphasis> option
              from the GUI.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>BridgetAdapter</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Remove the <emphasis role="bold">Bridged networking</emphasis> option
              from the GUI.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>InternalNetwork</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Remove the <emphasis role="bold">Internal networking</emphasis> option
              from the GUI.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>HostOnlyAdapter</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Remove the <emphasis role="bold">Host Only networking</emphasis> option
              from the GUI.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>
            <computeroutput>GenericDriver</computeroutput>
          </term>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Remove the <emphasis role="bold">Generic networking</emphasis> option
              from the GUI.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>


      <para>
        This is a global setting. Any combination of the above is
        allowed. To restore the default behavior, use
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global GUI/RestrictedNetworkAttachmentTypes</screen>


    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="vboxwebsrv-daemon">

    <title>Starting the &product-name; Web Service Automatically</title>

    <para>
      The &product-name; web service,
      <computeroutput>vboxwebsrv</computeroutput>, is used for
      controlling &product-name; remotely. It is documented in detail in
      the &product-name; Software Development Kit (SDK). See
      <xref linkend="VirtualBoxAPI" />. As the client base using this
      interface is growing, we added start scripts for the various
      operation systems we support. The following sections describe how
      to use them. The &product-name; web service is never started
      automatically as a result of a standard installation.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="vboxwebsrv-linux">

      <title>Linux: Starting the Web Service With init</title>

      <para>
        On Linux, the web service can be automatically started during
        host boot by adding appropriate parameters to the file
        <computeroutput>/etc/default/virtualbox</computeroutput>. There
        is one mandatory parameter,
        <computeroutput>VBOXWEB_USER</computeroutput>, which must be set
        to the user which will later start the VMs. The parameters in
        the following table all start with the
        <computeroutput>VBOXWEB_</computeroutput> prefix string. For
        example: <computeroutput>VBOXWEB_HOST</computeroutput> and
        <computeroutput>VBOXWEB_PORT</computeroutput>.
      </para>

      <table id="table-websrv-config-params" tabstyle="oracle-all">
        <title>Web Service Configuration Parameters</title>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Parameter</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Description</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Default</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
            </row>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>USER</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  The user which the web service runs as
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>HOST</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  The host to bind the web service to
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  localhost
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>PORT</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  The port to bind the web service to
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  18083
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SSL_KEYFILE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Server key and certificate file, in PEM format
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SSL_PASSWORDFILE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  File name for password to server key
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SSL_CACERT</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  CA certificate file, in PEM format
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SSL_CAPATH</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  CA certificate path
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SSL_DHFILE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  DH file name or DH key length in bits
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>SSL_RANDFILE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  File containing seed for random number generator
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>TIMEOUT</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Session timeout in seconds, 0 disables timeouts
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  300
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>CHECK_INTERVAL</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Frequency of timeout checks in seconds
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  5
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>THREADS</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Maximum number of worker threads to run in parallel
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  100
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>KEEPALIVE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Maximum number of requests before a socket will be
                  closed
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  100
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>ROTATE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Number of log files, 0 disables log rotation
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  10
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>LOGSIZE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Maximum log file size to trigger rotation, in bytes
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  1MB
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>LOGINTERVAL</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Maximum time interval to trigger log rotation, in
                  seconds
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  1 day
                </para></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>

      <para>
        Setting the parameter
        <computeroutput>SSL_KEYFILE</computeroutput> enables the SSL/TLS
        support. Using encryption is strongly encouraged, as otherwise
        everything, including passwords, is transferred in clear text.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="vboxwebsrv-solaris">

      <title>Oracle Solaris: Starting the Web Service With SMF</title>

      <para>
        On Oracle Solaris hosts, the &product-name; web service daemon
        is integrated into the SMF framework. You can change the
        parameters, but do not have to if the defaults below already
        match your needs:
      </para>

<screen>svccfg -s svc:/application/virtualbox/webservice:default setprop config/host=localhost
svccfg -s svc:/application/virtualbox/webservice:default setprop config/port=18083
svccfg -s svc:/application/virtualbox/webservice:default setprop config/user=root</screen>

      <para>
        <xref linkend="table-websrv-config-params"/> showing the
        parameter names and defaults also applies for Oracle Solaris.
        The parameter names must be changed to lowercase and a prefix of
        <computeroutput>config/</computeroutput> has to be added. For
        example: <computeroutput>config/user</computeroutput> or
        <computeroutput>config/ssl_keyfile</computeroutput>. If you make
        any change, do not forget to run the following command to put
        the changes into effect immediately:
      </para>

<screen>svcadm refresh svc:/application/virtualbox/webservice:default</screen>

      <para>
        If you forget the above command then the previous settings are
        used when enabling the service. Check the current property
        settings as follows:
      </para>

<screen>svcprop -p config svc:/application/virtualbox/webservice:default</screen>

      <para>
        When everything is configured correctly you can start the
        &product-name; web service with the following command:
      </para>

<screen>svcadm enable svc:/application/virtualbox/webservice:default</screen>

      <para>
        For more information about SMF, please refer to the Oracle
        Solaris documentation.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="vboxwebsrv-osx">

      <title>Mac OS X: Starting the Web Service With launchd</title>

      <para>
        On Mac OS X, launchd is used to start the &product-name;
        webservice. An example configuration file can be found in
        <computeroutput>$HOME/Library/LaunchAgents/org.virtualbox.vboxwebsrv.plist</computeroutput>.
        It can be enabled by changing the
        <computeroutput>Disabled</computeroutput> key from
        <computeroutput>true</computeroutput> to
        <computeroutput>false</computeroutput>. To manually start the
        service use the following command:
      </para>

<screen>launchctl load ~/Library/LaunchAgents/org.virtualbox.vboxwebsrv.plist</screen>

      <para>
        For additional information on how launchd services could be
        configured see:
      </para>

      <para>
        <ulink
      url="https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html">https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html</ulink>.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="vboxwatchdog">

    <title>&product-name; Watchdog</title>

    <para>
      The memory ballooning service, formerly known as
      <computeroutput>VBoxBalloonCtrl</computeroutput>, was renamed to
      VBoxWatchdog. This service now incorporates the following host
      services that are meant to be run in a server environment:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          <emphasis role="bold">Memory ballooning control.</emphasis>
          This service automatically takes care of a VM's configured
          memory balloon. See <xref linkend="guestadd-balloon" />. This
          service is useful for server environments where VMs may
          dynamically require more or less memory during runtime.
        </para>

        <para>
          The service periodically checks a VM's current memory balloon
          and its free guest RAM and automatically adjusts the current
          memory balloon by inflating or deflating it accordingly. This
          handling only applies to running VMs having recent Guest
          Additions installed.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          <emphasis role="bold">Host isolation detection.</emphasis>
          This service provides a way to detect whether the host cannot
          reach the specific &product-name; server instance anymore and
          take appropriate actions, such as shutting down, saving the
          current state or even powering down certain VMs.
        </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <para>
      All configuration values can be either specified using the command
      line or global extradata, whereas command line values always have
      a higher priority when set. Some of the configuration values also
      be specified on a per-VM basis. So the overall lookup order is:
      command line, per-VM basis extradata if available, global
      extradata.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="vboxwatchdog-ballonctrl">

      <title>Memory Ballooning Control</title>

      <para>
        The memory ballooning control inflates and deflates the memory
        balloon of VMs based on the VMs free memory and the desired
        maximum balloon size.
      </para>

      <para>
        To set up the memory ballooning control the maximum ballooning
        size a VM can reach needs to be set. This can be specified using
        the command line, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>--balloon-max &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a per-VM basis extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata &lt;VM-Name&gt; VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/BalloonCtrl/BalloonSizeMax &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a global extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/BalloonCtrl/BalloonSizeMax &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <note>
        <para>
          If no maximum ballooning size is specified by at least one of
          the parameters above, no ballooning will be performed at all.
        </para>
      </note>

      <para>
        Setting the ballooning increment in MB can be either done using
        command line, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>--balloon-inc &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a global extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/BalloonCtrl/BalloonIncrementMB &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        The default ballooning increment is 256 MB if not specified.
      </para>

      <para>
        The same options apply for a ballooning decrement. Using the
        command line, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>--balloon-dec &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a global extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/BalloonCtrl/BalloonDecrementMB &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        The default ballooning decrement is 128 MB if not specified.
      </para>

      <para>
        The lower limit in MB for a balloon can be defined using the
        command line, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>--balloon-lower-limit &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a global extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/BalloonCtrl/BalloonLowerLimitMB &lt;Size in MB&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        The default lower limit is 128 MB if not specified.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="vboxwatchdog-hostisln">

      <title>Host Isolation Detection</title>

      <para>
        To detect whether a host is being isolated, that is, the host
        cannot reach the &product-name; server instance anymore, the
        host needs to set an alternating value to a global extradata
        value within a time period. If this value is not set within that
        time period a timeout occurred and the so-called host isolation
        response will be performed to the VMs handled. Which VMs are
        handled can be controlled by defining VM groups and assigning
        VMs to those groups. By default no groups are set, meaning that
        all VMs on the server will be handled when no host response is
        received within 30 seconds.
      </para>

      <para>
        Set the groups handled by the host isolation detection using the
        following command line:
      </para>

<screen>--apimon-groups=&lt;string[,stringN]&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a global extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/APIMonitor/Groups &lt;string[,stringN]&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Set the host isolation timeout using the following command line:
      </para>

<screen>--apimon-isln-timeout=&lt;ms&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a global extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/APIMonitor/IsolationTimeoutMS &lt;ms&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Set the actual host isolation response using the following
        command line:
      </para>

<screen>--apimon-isln-response=&lt;cmd&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        Using a global extradata value, as follows:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global VBoxInternal2/Watchdog/APIMonitor/IsolationResponse &lt;cmd&gt;</screen>

      <para>
        The following response commands are available:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>none</computeroutput>. This has no effect.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>pause</computeroutput>. Pauses the execution
            of a VM.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>poweroff</computeroutput>. Shuts down the VM
            by pressing the virtual power button. The VM will not have
            the chance of saving any data or veto the shutdown process.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>save</computeroutput>. Saves the current
            machine state and powers off the VM afterwards. If saving
            the machine state fails the VM will be paused.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            <computeroutput>shutdown</computeroutput>. Shuts down the VM
            in a gentle way by sending an
            <computeroutput>ACPI</computeroutput> shutdown event to the
            VM's operating system. The OS then has the chance of doing a
            clean shutdown.
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="vboxwatchdog-moreinfo">

      <title>More Information</title>

      <para>
        For more advanced options and parameters like verbose logging
        check the built-in command line help accessible with
        <computeroutput>--help</computeroutput>.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="vboxwatchdog-linux">

      <title>Linux: Starting the Watchdog Service With init</title>

      <para>
        On Linux, the watchdog service can be automatically started
        during host boot by adding appropriate parameters to the file
        <computeroutput>/etc/default/virtualbox</computeroutput>. There
        is one mandatory parameter,
        <computeroutput>VBOXWATCHDOG_USER</computeroutput>, which must
        be set to the user which will later start the VMs. For backward
        compatibility you can also specify
        <computeroutput>VBOXBALLOONCTRL_USER</computeroutput>.
      </para>

      <para>
        The parameters in the following table all start with the
        <computeroutput>VBOXWATCHDOG_</computeroutput> prefix string.
        For example:
        <computeroutput>VBOXWATCHDOG_BALLOON_INTERVAL</computeroutput>
        and <computeroutput>VBOXWATCHDOG_LOGSIZE</computeroutput>.
        Legacy parameters such as
        <computeroutput>VBOXBALLOONCTRL_INTERVAL</computeroutput> can
        still be used.
      </para>

      <table id="table-vboxwatchdog-config-params" tabstyle="oracle-all">
        <title>&product-name; Watchdog Configuration Parameters</title>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Parameter</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Description</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  <emphasis role="bold">Default</emphasis>
                </para></entry>
            </row>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>USER</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  The user which the watchdog service runs as
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para></para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>ROTATE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Number of log files, 0 disables log rotation
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  10
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>LOGSIZE</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Maximum log file size to trigger rotation, in bytes
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  1MB
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>LOGINTERVAL</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Maximum time interval to trigger log rotation, in
                  seconds
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  1 day
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>BALLOON_INTERVAL</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Interval for checking the balloon size, in
                  milliseconds
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  30000
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>BALLOON_INCREMENT</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Balloon size increment, in megabytes
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  256
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>BALLOON_DECREMENT</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Balloon size decrement, in megabytes
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  128
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>BALLOON_LOWERLIMIT</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Balloon size lower limit, in megabytes
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  64
                </para></entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry><para>
                  <computeroutput>BALLOON_SAFETYMARGIN</computeroutput>
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  Free memory required for decreasing the balloon size,
                  in megabytes
                </para></entry>
              <entry><para>
                  1024
                </para></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="vboxwatchdog-solaris">

      <title>Oracle Solaris: Starting the Watchdog Service With SMF</title>

      <para>
        On Oracle Solaris hosts, the &product-name; watchdog service
        daemon is integrated into the SMF framework. You can change the
        parameters, but do not have to if the defaults already match
        your needs:
      </para>

<screen>svccfg -s svc:/application/virtualbox/balloonctrl:default setprop \
  config/balloon_interval=10000
svccfg -s svc:/application/virtualbox/balloonctrl:default setprop \
config/balloon_safetymargin=134217728</screen>

      <para>
        <xref linkend="table-vboxwatchdog-config-params"/> also applies
        for Oracle Solaris. The parameter names must be changed to
        lowercase and a prefix of
        <computeroutput>config/</computeroutput> has to be added. For
        example: <computeroutput>config/user</computeroutput> or
        <computeroutput>config/balloon_safetymargin</computeroutput>. If
        you made any change, do not forget to run the following command
        to put the changes into effect immediately:
      </para>

<screen>svcadm refresh svc:/application/virtualbox/balloonctrl:default</screen>

      <para>
        If you forget the above command then the previous settings will
        be used when enabling the service. Check the current property
        settings with the following command:
      </para>

<screen>svcprop -p config svc:/application/virtualbox/balloonctrl:default</screen>

      <para>
        When everything is configured correctly you can start the
        &product-name; watchdog service with the following command:
      </para>

<screen>svcadm enable svc:/application/virtualbox/balloonctrl:default</screen>

      <para>
        For more information about SMF, please refer to the Oracle
        Solaris documentation.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="otherextpacks">

    <title>Other Extension Packs</title>

    <para>
      Another extension pack called VNC is available. This extension
      pack is open source and replaces the previous integration of the
      VNC remote access protocol. This is experimental code, and is
      initially available in the &product-name; source code package
      only. It is to a large portion code contributed by users, and is
      not supported in any way by Oracle.
    </para>

    <para>
      The keyboard handling is severely limited, and only the US
      keyboard layout works. Other keyboard layouts will have at least
      some keys which produce the wrong results, often with quite
      surprising effects, and for layouts which have significant
      differences to the US keyboard layout it is most likely unusable.
    </para>

    <para>
      It is possible to install both the &product-name; Extension Pack
      and VNC, but only one VRDE module can be active at any time. The
      following command switches to the VNC VRDE module in VNC:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setproperty vrdeextpack VNC</screen>

    <para>
      Configuring the remote access works very similarly to VRDP, see
      <xref linkend="vrde" />, with some limitations. VNC does not
      support specifying several port numbers, and the authentication is
      done differently. VNC can only deal with password authentication,
      and there is no option to use password hashes. This leaves no
      other choice than having a clear-text password in the VM
      configuration, which can be set with the following command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --vrdeproperty VNCPassword=secret</screen>

    <para>
      The user is responsible for keeping this password secret, and it
      should be removed when a VM configuration is passed to another
      person, for whatever purpose. Some VNC servers claim to have
      encrypted passwords in the configuration. This is not true
      encryption, it is only concealing the passwords, which is only as
      secure as using clear-text passwords.
    </para>

    <para>
      The following command switches back to VRDP, if installed:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setproperty vrdeextpack "&product-name; Extension Pack"</screen>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="autostart">

    <title>Starting Virtual Machines During System Boot</title>

    <para>
      You can start VMs automatically during system boot on Linux,
      Oracle Solaris, and Mac OS X platforms for all users.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="autostart-linux">

      <title>Linux: Starting the Autostart Service With init</title>

      <para>
        On Linux, the autostart service is activated by setting two
        variables in
        <computeroutput>/etc/default/virtualbox</computeroutput>. The
        first one is <computeroutput>VBOXAUTOSTART_DB</computeroutput>
        which contains an absolute path to the autostart database
        directory. The directory should have write access for every user
        who should be able to start virtual machines automatically.
        Furthermore the directory should have the sticky bit set. The
        second variable is
        <computeroutput>VBOXAUTOSTART_CONFIG</computeroutput> which
        points the service to the autostart configuration file which is
        used during boot to determine whether to allow individual users
        to start a VM automatically and configure startup delays. The
        configuration file can be placed in
        <computeroutput>/etc/vbox</computeroutput> and contains several
        options. One is <computeroutput>default_policy</computeroutput>
        which controls whether the autostart service allows or denies to
        start a VM for users which are not in the exception list. The
        exception list starts with
        <computeroutput>exception_list</computeroutput> and contains a
        comma separated list with usernames. Furthermore a separate
        startup delay can be configured for every user to avoid
        overloading the host. A sample configuration is given below:
      </para>

<screen>
# Default policy is to deny starting a VM, the other option is "allow".
default_policy = deny

# Bob is allowed to start virtual machines but starting them
# will be delayed for 10 seconds
bob = {
    allow = true
    startup_delay = 10
}

# Alice is not allowed to start virtual machines, useful to exclude certain users
# if the default policy is set to allow.
alice = {
    allow = false
}
      </screen>

      <para>
        Every user who wants to enable autostart for individual machines
        has to set the path to the autostart database directory with the
        following command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setproperty autostartdbpath &lt;Autostart directory&gt;</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="autostart-solaris">

      <title>Oracle Solaris: Starting the Autostart Service With SMF</title>

      <para>
        On Oracle Solaris hosts, the &product-name; autostart daemon is
        integrated into the SMF framework. To enable it you have to
        point the service to an existing configuration file which has
        the same format as on Linux, see
        <xref linkend="autostart-linux" />. For example:
      </para>

<screen>svccfg -s svc:/application/virtualbox/autostart:default setprop \
  config/config=/etc/vbox/autostart.cfg</screen>

      <para>
        When everything is configured correctly you can start the
        &product-name; autostart service with the following command:
      </para>

<screen>svcadm enable svc:/application/virtualbox/autostart:default</screen>

      <para>
        For more information about SMF, please refer to the Oracle
        Solaris documentation.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="autostart-osx">

      <title>Mac OS X: Starting the Autostart Service With launchd</title>

      <para>
        On Mac OS X, launchd is used to start the &product-name;
        autostart service. An example configuration file can be found in
        <computeroutput>/Applications/VirtualBox.app/Contents/MacOS/org.virtualbox.vboxautostart.plist</computeroutput>.
        To enable the service copy the file to
        <computeroutput>/Library/LaunchDaemons</computeroutput> and
        change the <computeroutput>Disabled</computeroutput> key from
        <computeroutput>true</computeroutput> to
        <computeroutput>false</computeroutput>. Furthermore replace the
        second parameter to an existing configuration file which has the
        same format as on Linux, see <xref linkend="autostart-linux" />.
      </para>

      <para>
        To manually start the service use the following command:
      </para>

<screen>launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.virtualbox.vboxautostart.plist</screen>

      <para>
        For additional information on how launchd services can be
        configured see:
      </para>

      <para>
        <ulink
      url="http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/BPSystemStartup.html">http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/BPSystemStartup.html</ulink>.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="vboxexpertstoragemgmt">

    <title>&product-name; Expert Storage Management</title>

    <para>
      In case the snapshot model of &product-name; is not sufficient it
      is possible to enable a special mode which makes it possible to
      reconfigure storage attachments while the VM is paused. The user
      has to make sure that the disk data stays consistent to the guest
      because unlike with hotplugging the guest is not informed about
      detached or newly attached media.
    </para>

    <para>
      The expert storage management mode can be enabled per VM
      executing:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "VBoxInternal2/SilentReconfigureWhilePaused" 1</screen>

    <para>
      Storage attachments can be reconfigured while the VM is paused
      afterwards using:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage storageattach ...</screen>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="hostpowertweaks">

    <title>Handling of Host Power Management Events</title>

    <para>
      Some host power management events are handled by &product-name;.
      The actual behavior depends on the platform:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          <emphasis role="bold">Host Suspends.</emphasis> This event is
          generated when the host is about to suspend, that is, the host
          saves the state to some non-volatile storage and powers off.
        </para>

        <para>
          This event is currently only handled on Windows hosts and Mac
          OS X hosts. When this event is generated, &product-name; will
          pause all running VMs.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          <emphasis role="bold">Host Resumes.</emphasis> This event is
          generated when the host woke up from the suspended state.
        </para>

        <para>
          This event is currently only handled on Windows hosts and Mac
          OS X hosts. When this event is generated, &product-name; will
          resume all VMs which are where paused before.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          <emphasis role="bold">Battery Low.</emphasis> The battery
          level reached a critical level, usually less than 5 percent
          charged.
        </para>

        <para>
          This event is currently only handled on Windows hosts and Mac
          OS X hosts. When this event is generated, &product-name; will
          save the state and terminate all VMs in preparation of a
          potential host powerdown.
        </para>

        <para>
          The behavior can be configured. By executing the following
          command, no VM is saved:
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global "VBoxInternal2/SavestateOnBatteryLow" 0</screen>

        <para>
          This is a global setting as well as a per-VM setting. The
          per-VM value has higher precedence than the global value. The
          following command will save the state of all VMs but will not
          save the state of VM "foo":
        </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata global "VBoxInternal2/SavestateOnBatteryLow" 1
VBoxManage setextradata "foo" "VBoxInternal2/SavestateOnBatteryLow" 0</screen>

        <para>
          The first line is actually not required as by default the
          savestate action is performed.
        </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="sse412passthrough">

    <title>Passing Through SSE4.1/SSE4.2 Instructions</title>

    <para>
      To provide SSE 4.1/SSE 4.2 support to guests, the host CPU has to
      implement these instruction sets. The instruction sets are exposed
      to guests by default, but it is possible to disable the
      instructions for certain guests by using the following commands:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/CPUM/IsaExts/SSE4.1 0
VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" VBoxInternal/CPUM/IsaExts/SSE4.2 0</screen>

    <para>
      These are per-VM settings which are enabled by default.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="hidledssync">

    <title>Support for Keyboard Indicator Synchronization</title>

    <para>
      This feature makes the host keyboard indicators (LEDs) match those
      of the VM's emulated keyboard when the machine window is active.
      It is currently implemented for Mac OS X and Windows hosts. This
      feature is enabled by default on supported host OSes. You can
      disable this feature by running the following command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" GUI/HidLedsSync 0</screen>

    <para>
      This is a per-VM setting, which is enabled by default.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="usbtrafficcapturing">

    <title>Capturing USB Traffic for Selected Devices</title>

    <para>
      You can capture USB traffic for single USB devices or on the root
      hub level, which captures the traffic of all USB devices attached
      to the root hub. &product-name; stores the traffic in a format
      which is compatible with Wireshark. To capture the traffic of a
      specific USB device it must be attached to the VM with
      <command>VBoxManage</command> using the following command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage controlvm "VM name" usbattach "device uuid|address" --capturefile "filename"</screen>

    <para>
      In order to enable capturing on the root hub use the following
      command while the VM is not running:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
  VBoxInternal/Devices/usb-ehci/0/LUN#0/Config/CaptureFilename "filename"</screen>

    <para>
      The command above enables capturing on the root hub attached to
      the EHCI controller. To enable it for the OHCI or XHCI controller
      replace <computeroutput>usb-ehci</computeroutput> with
      <computeroutput>usb-ohci</computeroutput> or
      <computeroutput>usb-xhci</computeroutput> respectively.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="heartbeatservice">

    <title>Configuring the Heartbeat Service</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; ships a simple heartbeat service. Once the Guest
      Additions are active, the guest sends frequent heartbeat pings to
      the host. If the guest stops sending the heartbeat pings without
      properly terminating the service, the VM process will log this
      event in the VBox.log file. In the future it might be possible to
      configure dedicated actions but for now there is only a warning in
      the log file.
    </para>

    <para>
      There are two parameters to configure. The <emphasis>heartbeat
      interval</emphasis> defines the time between two heartbeat pings.
      The default value is 2 seconds, that is, the heartbeat service of
      the &product-name; Guest Additions will send a heartbeat ping
      every two seconds. The value in nanoseconds can be configured like
      this:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name"\
  VBoxInternal/Devices/VMMDev/0/Config/HeartbeatInterval 2000000000</screen>

    <para>
      The <emphasis>heartbeat timeout</emphasis> defines the time the
      host waits starting from the last heartbeat ping before it defines
      the guest as unresponsive. The default value is 2 times the
      heartbeat interval (4 seconds) and can be configured as following,
      in nanoseconds:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" \
  VBoxInternal/Devices/VMMDev/0/Config/HeartbeatTimeout 4000000000</screen>

    <para>
      If the heartbeat timeout expires, there will be a log message like
      <emphasis>VMMDev: HeartBeatCheckTimer: Guest seems to be
      unresponsive. Last heartbeat received 5 seconds ago.</emphasis> If
      another heartbeat ping arrives after this warning, there will be a
      log message like <emphasis>VMMDev: GuestHeartBeat: Guest is
      alive.</emphasis>
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="diskencryption">

    <title>Encryption of Disk Images</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; enables you to transparently encrypt the data
      stored in hard disk images for the guest. It does not depend on a
      specific image format to be used. Images which have the data
      encrypted are not portable between &product-name; and other
      virtualization software.
    </para>

    <para>
      &product-name; uses the AES algorithm in XTS mode and supports
      128-bit or 256-bit data encryption keys (DEK). The DEK is stored
      encrypted in the medium properties and is decrypted during VM
      startup by entering a password which was chosen when the image was
      encrypted.
    </para>

    <para>
      Since the DEK is stored as part of the VM configuration file, it
      is important that it is kept safe. Losing the DEK means that the
      data stored in the disk images is lost irrecoverably. Having
      complete and up to date backups of all data related to the VM is
      the responsibility of the user.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="diskencryption-limitations">

      <title>Limitations of Disk Encryption</title>

      <para>
        There are some limitations the user needs to be aware of when
        using this feature:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            This feature is part of the &product-name; Extension Pack,
            which needs to be installed. Otherwise disk encryption is
            unavailable.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Since encryption works only on the stored user data, it is
            currently not possible to check for metadata integrity of
            the disk image. Attackers might destroy data by removing or
            changing blocks of data in the image or change metadata
            items such as the disk size.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Exporting appliances which contain encrypted disk images is
            not possible because the OVF specification does not support
            this. All images are therefore decrypted during export.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            The DEK is kept in memory while the VM is running to be able
            to decrypt data read and encrypt data written by the guest.
            While this should be obvious the user needs to be aware of
            this because an attacker might be able to extract the key on
            a compromised host and decrypt the data.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            When encrypting or decrypting the images, the password is
            passed in clear text using the &product-name; API. This
            needs to be kept in mind, especially when using third party
            API clients which make use of the webservice where the
            password might be transmitted over the network. The use of
            HTTPS is mandatory in such a case.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Encrypting images with differencing images is only possible
            if there are no snapshots or a linear chain of snapshots.
            This limitation may be addressed in a future &product-name;
            version.
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="diskencryption-encryption">

      <title>Encrypting Disk Images</title>

      <para>
        Encrypting disk images can be done either using the GUI or
        <command>VBoxManage</command>. While the GUI is easier to use,
        it works on a per VM basis and encrypts all disk images attached
        to the specific VM. With <command>VBoxManage</command> one can
        encrypt individual images, including all differencing images. To
        encrypt an unencrypted medium with
        <command>VBoxManage</command>, use:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage encryptmedium "uuid|filename" \
  --newpassword "file|-" --cipher "cipher id" --newpasswordid "id"</screen>

      <para>
        To supply the encryption password point
        <command>VBoxManage</command> to the file where the password is
        stored or specify <option>-</option> to let VBoxManage ask you
        for the password on the command line.
      </para>

      <para>
        The cipher parameter specifies the cipher to use for encryption
        and can be either
        <computeroutput>AES-XTS128-PLAIN64</computeroutput> or
        <computeroutput>AES-XTS256-PLAIN64</computeroutput>. The
        specified password identifier can be freely chosen by the user
        and is used for correct identification when supplying multiple
        passwords during VM startup.
      </para>

      <para>
        If the user uses the same password when encrypting multiple
        images and also the same password identifier, the user needs to
        supply the password only once during VM startup.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="diskencryption-startvm">

      <title>Starting a VM with Encrypted Images</title>

      <para>
        When a VM is started using the GUI, a dialog will open where the
        user needs to enter all passwords for all encrypted images
        attached to the VM. If another frontend like VBoxHeadless is
        used, the VM will be paused as soon as the guest tries to access
        an encrypted disk. The user needs to provide the passwords
        through <command>VBoxManage</command> using the following
        command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage controlvm "uuid|vmname" addencpassword "id" "password" [--removeonsuspend "yes|no"]</screen>

      <para>
        The <computeroutput>id</computeroutput> parameter must be the
        same as the password identifier supplied when encrypting the
        images. <computeroutput>password</computeroutput> is the
        password used when encrypting the images. The user can
        optionally specify <computeroutput>--removeonsuspend
        "yes|no"</computeroutput> to specify whether to remove the
        password from VM memory when the VM is suspended. Before the VM
        can be resumed, the user needs to supply the passwords again.
        This is useful when a VM is suspended by a host suspend event
        and the user does not want the password to remain in memory.
      </para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="diskencryption-decryption">

      <title>Decrypting Encrypted Images</title>

      <para>
        In some circumstances it might be required to decrypt previously
        encrypted images. This can be done in the GUI for a complete VM
        or using <command>VBoxManage</command> with the following
        command:
      </para>

<screen>VBoxManage encryptmedium "uuid|filename" --oldpassword "file|-"</screen>

      <para>
        The only required parameter is the password the image was
        encrypted with. The options are the same as for encrypting
        images.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="gimdebug">

    <title>Paravirtualized Debugging</title>

    <para>
      In this section we cover debugging of guest operating systems
      using interfaces supported by paravirtualization providers.
    </para>

    <note>
      <para>
        Paravirtualized debugging significantly alter guest operating
        system behaviour and should only be used by expert users for
        debugging and diagnostics.
      </para>
    </note>

    <para>
      These debug options are specified as a string of key-value pairs
      separated by commas. An empty string disables paravirtualized
      debugging.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="gimdebughyperv">

      <title>Hyper-V Debug Options</title>

      <para>
        All of the options listed below are optional, and thus the
        default value specified will be used when the corresponding
        key-value pair is not specified.
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Key:
            <emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>enabled</computeroutput></emphasis>
          </para>

          <para>
            Value: <computeroutput>0</computeroutput> or
            <computeroutput>1</computeroutput>
          </para>

          <para>
            Default: <computeroutput>0</computeroutput>
          </para>

          <para>
            Specify <computeroutput>1</computeroutput> to enable the
            Hyper-V debug interface. If this key-value pair is not
            specified or the value is not
            <computeroutput>1</computeroutput>, the Hyper-V debug
            interface is disabled regardless of other key-value pairs
            being present.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Key:
            <emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>address</computeroutput></emphasis>
          </para>

          <para>
            Value: IPv4 address
          </para>

          <para>
            Default: 127.0.0.1
          </para>

          <para>
            Specify the IPv4 address where the remote debugger is
            connected.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Key:
            <emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>port</computeroutput></emphasis>
          </para>

          <para>
            Value: UDP port number
          </para>

          <para>
            Default: 50000
          </para>

          <para>
            Specify the UDP port number where the remote debugger is
            connected.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Key:
            <emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>vendor</computeroutput></emphasis>
          </para>

          <para>
            Value: Hyper-V vendor signature reported by CPUID to the
            guest
          </para>

          <para>
            Default: When debugging is enabled:
            <computeroutput>Microsoft Hv</computeroutput>, otherwise:
            <computeroutput>VBoxVBoxVBox</computeroutput>
          </para>

          <para>
            Specify the Hyper-V vendor signature which is exposed to the
            guest by CPUID. For debugging Microsoft Windows guests, it
            is required the hypervisor reports the Microsoft vendor.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Key:
            <emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>hypercallinterface</computeroutput>
            </emphasis>
          </para>

          <para>
            Value: <computeroutput>0</computeroutput> or
            <computeroutput>1</computeroutput>
          </para>

          <para>
            Default: <computeroutput>0</computeroutput>
          </para>

          <para>
            Specify whether hypercalls should be suggested for
            initiating debug data transfers between host and guest
            rather than MSRs when requested by the guest.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
            Key:
            <emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>vsinterface</computeroutput>
            </emphasis>
          </para>

          <para>
            Value: <computeroutput>0</computeroutput> or
            <computeroutput>1</computeroutput>
          </para>

          <para>
            Default: When debugging is enabled,
            <computeroutput>1</computeroutput>, otherwise
            <computeroutput>0</computeroutput>
          </para>

          <para>
            Specify whether to expose the VS#1 virtualization service
            interface to the guest. This interface is required for
            debugging Microsoft Windows 10 32-bit guests, but is
            optional for other Windows versions.
          </para>
        </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

      <sect3 id="gimdebughyperv-windows-setup">

        <title>Setting up Windows Guests for Debugging with the Hyper-V
          Paravirtualization Provider</title>

        <para>
          Windows supports debugging over a serial cable, USB, IEEE 1394
          Firewire, and Ethernet. USB and IEEE 1394 are not applicable
          for virtual machines, and Ethernet requires Windows 8 or
          later. While a serial connection is universally usable, it is
          slow.
        </para>

        <para>
          Debugging using the Hyper-V debug transport, supported on
          Windows Vista and later, offers significant benefits. It
          provides excellent performance due to direct host-to-guest
          transfers, it is easy to set up and requires minimal support
          from the hypervisor. It can be used with the debugger running
          on the same host as the VM or with the debugger and VM on
          separate machines connected over a network.
        </para>

        <para>
          <emphasis role="bold">Prerequisites</emphasis>
        </para>

        <itemizedlist>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              A VM configured for Hyper-V paravirtualization running a
              Windows Vista or newer Windows guest. You can check the
              effective paravirtualization provider for your VM with the
              output of the following <command>VBoxManage</command>
              command:
            </para>

<screen>VBoxManage showvminfo "VM name"</screen>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              A sufficiently up-to-date version of the Microsoft WinDbg
              debugger required to debug the version of Windows in your
              VM.
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              While Windows 8 and newer Windows guests ship with Hyper-V
              debug support, Windows 7 and Vista do not. To use Hyper-V
              debugging with a Windows 7 or Vista guest, copy the file
              <computeroutput>kdvm.dll</computeroutput> from a Windows
              8.0 installation. This file is typically located in
              <computeroutput>C:\Windows\System32</computeroutput>. Copy
              it to the same location in your Windows 7/Vista guest.
              Make sure you copy the 32-bit or 64-bit version of the DLL
              which matches your guest OS.
            </para>

            <note>
              <para>
                Only Windows 8.0 ships
                <computeroutput>kdvm.dll</computeroutput>. Windows 8.1
                and newer Windows versions do not.
              </para>
            </note>
          </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>

        <para>
          <emphasis role="bold">VM and Guest Configuration</emphasis>
        </para>

        <orderedlist>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Power off the VM.
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Enable the debug options with the following
              <command>VBoxManage</command> command:
            </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --paravirtdebug "enabled=1"</screen>

            <para>
              The above command assumes your debugger will connect to
              your host machine on UDP port 50000. However, if you need
              to run the debugger on a remote machine you may specify
              the remote address and port here. For example:
            </para>

<screen>VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --paravirtdebug "enabled=1,address=192.168.32.1,port=55000"</screen>

            <para>
              See <xref linkend="gimdebughyperv" /> for the complete set
              of options.
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Start the VM.
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              In the guest, start an elevated command prompt and execute
              the following commands:
            </para>

            <itemizedlist>

              <listitem>
                <para>
                  For a Windows 8 or newer Windows guest:
                </para>

<screen>bcdedit /dbgsettings net hostip:5.5.5.5 port:50000 key:1.2.3.4</screen>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>
                  For a Windows 7 or Vista guest:
                </para>

<screen>bcdedit /set loadoptions host_ip=5.5.5.5,host_port=50000,encryption_key=1.2.3.4</screen>

<screen>bcdedit /set dbgtransport kdvm.dll</screen>

                <para>
                  The IP address and port in the
                  <command>bcdedit</command> command are ignored when
                  using the Hyper-V debug transport. Any valid IP and a
                  port number greater than 49151 and lower than 65536
                  can be entered.
                </para>

                <para>
                  The encryption key in the <command>bcdedit</command>
                  command is relevant and must be valid. The key
                  "1.2.3.4" used in the above example is valid and may
                  be used if security is not a concern. If you do not
                  specify any encryption key, <command>bcdedit</command>
                  will generate one for you and you will need to copy
                  this key to later enter in Microsoft WinDbg on the
                  remote end. This encryption key is used to encrypt the
                  debug data exchanged between Windows and the debugger.
                </para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>
                  Run one or more of the following commands to enable
                  debugging for the appropriate phase or component of
                  your Windows guest:
                </para>

<screen>bcdedit /set debug on</screen>

<screen>bcdedit /set bootdebug on</screen>

<screen>bcdedit /set {bootmgr} bootdebug on</screen>

                <para>
                  Please note that the <command>bootdebug</command>
                  options are only effective on Windows 8 or newer when
                  using the Hyper-V debug transport. Refer to Microsoft
                  Windows documentation for detailed explanation of
                  <command>bcdedit</command> options.
                </para>
              </listitem>

            </itemizedlist>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Start Microsoft WinDbg on your host machine or remote
              host.
            </para>

            <para>
              From the <emphasis role="bold">File</emphasis> menu,
              select <emphasis role="bold">Kernel Debug</emphasis>. On
              the <emphasis role="bold">NET</emphasis> tab, specify the
              UDP port number you used in the
              <computeroutput>paravirtdebug</computeroutput> options. If
              you did not specify any, leave it as 50000. Ensure that
              the UDP port is not blocked by a firewall or other
              security software.
            </para>

            <para>
              In the <emphasis role="bold">Key</emphasis> field, enter
              <computeroutput>1.2.3.4</computeroutput> or the encryption
              key from the <computeroutput>bcdedit</computeroutput>
              command in your Windows guest.
            </para>

            <para>
              Click <emphasis role="bold">OK</emphasis> to start
              listening for connections. Microsoft WinDbg typically
              shows a Waiting to Reconnect message during this phase.
            </para>

            <para>
              Alternatively, to directly start a debug session, run
              WinDbg from the command line as follows :
            </para>

<screen>windbg.exe -k net:port=50000,key=1.2.3.4</screen>

            <para>
              See the WinDbg documentation for the complete command line
              syntax.
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
              Reboot your Windows guest and it should then connect as a
              debuggee with Microsoft WinDbg.
            </para>
          </listitem>

        </orderedlist>

      </sect3>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="pcspeaker_passthrough">

    <title>PC Speaker Passthrough</title>

    <para>
      As an experimental feature, primarily due to being limited to
      Linux host only and unknown Linux distribution coverage,
      &product-name; supports passing through the PC speaker to the
      host. The PC speaker, sometimes called the system speaker, is a
      way to produce audible feedback such as beeps without the need for
      regular audio and sound card support.
    </para>

    <para>
      The PC speaker passthrough feature in &product-name; handles beeps
      only. Advanced PC speaker use by the VM, such as PCM audio, will
      not work, resulting in undefined host behavior.
    </para>

    <para>
      Producing beeps on Linux is a very complex topic. &product-name;
      offers a collection of options, in an attempt to make this work
      deterministically and reliably on as many Linux distributions and
      system configurations as possible. These are summarized in the
      following table.
    </para>

    <table id="table-pcspeaker-config" tabstyle="oracle-all">
      <title>PC Speaker Configuration Options</title>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                <emphasis role="bold">Code</emphasis>
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                <emphasis role="bold">Device</emphasis>
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                <emphasis role="bold">Notes</emphasis>
              </para></entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                1
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                <computeroutput>/dev/input/by-path/platform-pcspkr-event-spkr</computeroutput>
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                Direct host PC speaker use.
              </para></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                2
              </para></entry>
            <entry><computeroutput>/dev/tty</computeroutput></entry>
            <entry><para>
                Uses the terminal association of the VM process. VM
                needs to be started on a virtual console.
              </para></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                3
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                <computeroutput>/dev/tty0</computeroutput> or
                <computeroutput>/dev/vc/0</computeroutput>
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                Can only be used by user
                <computeroutput>root</computeroutput> or users with
                <computeroutput>cap_sys_tty_config</computeroutput>
                capability.
              </para></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                9
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                A user-specified console or evdev device path.
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                As for codes 1 to 3, but with a custom device path.
              </para></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                70
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                <computeroutput>/dev/tty</computeroutput>
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                Standard beep only. Loses frequency and length. See code
                2.
              </para></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                79
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                A user-specified terminal device path.
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                As for code 70, but with a custom device path.
              </para></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><para>
                100
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                All of the above.
              </para></entry>
            <entry><para>
                Tries all the available codes.
              </para></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>

    <para>
      To enable PC speaker passthrough use the following command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage setextradata "VM name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/i8254/0/Config/PassthroughSpeaker" N</screen>

    <para>
      Replace <computeroutput>N</computeroutput> with the code
      representing the case you want to use. Changing this setting will
      take effect when the VM is started next. It is safe to enable PC
      speaker passthrough on all host OSes. It will only have an effect
      on Linux.
    </para>

    <para>
      The VM log file, <computeroutput>VBox.log</computeroutput>, will
      contain lines with the prefix <computeroutput>PIT:
      speaker:</computeroutput> showing the PC speaker passthrough setup
      activities. It gives hints which device it picked or why it
      failed.
    </para>

    <para>
      Enabling PC speaker passthrough for the VM is usually the simple
      part. The real difficulty is making sure that &product-name; can
      access the necessary device, because in a typical Linux install
      most of them can only be accessed by user
      <computeroutput>root</computeroutput>. You should follow the
      preferred way to persistently change this, such as by referring to
      your distribution's documentation. Since there are countless Linux
      distribution variants, we can only give the general hints that
      there is often a way to give the X11 session user access to
      additional devices, or you need to find a working solution using a
      udev configuration file. If everything fails you might try setting
      the permissions using a script which is run late enough in the
      host system startup.
    </para>

    <para>
      Sometimes additional rules are applied by the kernel to limit
      access. For example, that the VM process must have the same
      controlling terminal as the device configured to be used for
      beeping, something which is often very difficult to achieve for
      GUI applications such as &product-name;. The table above contains
      some hints, but in general refer to the Linux documentation.
    </para>

    <para>
      If you have trouble getting any beeps even if the device
      permissions are set up and VBox.log confirms that it uses evdev or
      console for the PC speaker control, check if your system has a PC
      speaker. Some systems do not have one. Other complications can
      arise from Linux rerouting the PC speaker output to a sound card.
      Check if the beeps are audible if you connect speakers to your
      sound card. Today almost all systems have one. Finally, check if
      the audio mixer control has a channel named "beep", which could be
      hidden in the mixer settings, and that it is not muted.
    </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="usbip">

    <title>Accessing USB devices Exposed Over the Network with USB/IP</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; supports passing through USB devices which are
      exposed over the network using the USB over IP protocol without
      the need to configure the client side provided by the kernel and
      usbip tools. Furthermore, this feature works with &product-name;
      running on any supported host, rather than just Linux alone, as is
      the case with the official client.
    </para>

    <para>
      To enable support for passing through USB/IP devices, the device
      server exporting the devices must be added with the following
      command:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage usbdevsource add "Unique name" --backend "USBIP" --address "Device server[:port]"</screen>

    <para>
      USB devices exported on the device server are then accessible
      through the GUI or <command>VBoxManage</command>, like any USB
      devices attached locally. This can be used multiple times to
      access different device servers.
    </para>

    <para>
      To remove a device server, the following command can be used:
    </para>

<screen>VBoxManage usbdevsource remove "Unique name"</screen>

    <sect2 id="usbip-setup-server">

      <title>Setting up USB/IP Support on a Linux System</title>

      <para>
        This section gives a brief overview on how to set up a Linux
        based system to act as a USB device server. The system on the
        server requires that the
        <computeroutput>usbip-core.ko</computeroutput> and
        <computeroutput>usbip-host.ko</computeroutput> kernel drivers
        are available, and that the USB/IP tools package is installed.
        The particular installation method for the necessary tools
        depends on which distribution is used. For example, for Debian
        based systems, the following command should be used to install
        the required tools:
      </para>

<screen>apt-get install usbip-utils</screen>

      <para>
        To check whether the necessary tools are already installed use
        the following command:
      </para>

<screen>
$ usbip list -l
      </screen>

      <para>
        This should produce output similar to that shown in the example
        below:
      </para>

<screen>
 - busid 4-2 (0bda:0301)
   Realtek Semiconductor Corp. : multicard reader (0bda:0301)

 - busid 5-1 (046d:c52b)
   Logitech, Inc. : Unifying Receiver (046d:c52b)
      </screen>

      <para>
        If everything is installed, the USB/IP server needs to be
        started as <computeroutput>root</computeroutput> using the
        following command:
      </para>

<screen>usbipd -D</screen>

      <para>
        Refer to the documentation for the installed distribution to
        determine how to start the service when the system boots.
      </para>

      <para>
        By default, no device on the server is exported. This must be
        done manually for each device. To export a device use the
        following command:
      </para>

<screen>usbip bind -b "bus identifier"</screen>

      <para>
        To export the multicard reader in the previous example:
      </para>

<screen>usbip bind -b 4-2</screen>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="usbip-security">

      <title>Security Considerations</title>

      <para>
        The communication between the server and client is unencrypted
        and there is no authorization required to access exported
        devices. An attacker might sniff sensitive data or gain control
        over a device. To mitigate this risk, the device should be
        exposed over a local network to which only trusted clients have
        access. To access the device remotely over a public network, a
        VPN solution should be used to provide the required level of
        security protection.
      </para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="hyperv-support">

    <title>Using Hyper-V with &product-name;</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; can be used on a Windows host where Hyper-V is
      running. This is an experimental feature.
    </para>

    <para>
      No configuration is required. &product-name; detects Hyper-V
      automatically and uses Hyper-V as the virtualization engine for
      the host system. The CPU icon in the VM window status bar
      indicates that Hyper-V is being used.
    </para>

    <note>
      <para>
        When using this feature, you might experience significant
        &product-name; performance degradation on some host systems.
      </para>
    </note>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="nested-virt">

    <title>Nested Virtualization</title>

    <para>
      &product-name; supports <emphasis>nested virtualization</emphasis>
      on host systems that run AMD CPUs. This feature enables the
      passthrough of hardware virtualization functions to the guest VM.
      That means that you can install a hypervisor, such as
      &product-name;, Oracle VM Server or KVM, on an &product-name;
      guest. You can then create and run VMs within the guest VM.
    </para>

    <para>
      You can enable the nested virtualization feature in one of the
      following ways:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          From the VirtualBox Manager, select the
          <emphasis role="bold">Enable Nested VT-x/AMD-V</emphasis>
          check box on the <emphasis role="bold">Processor</emphasis>
          tab. To disable the feature, deselect the check box.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
          Use the <option>--nested-hw-virt</option> option of the
          <command>VBoxManage modifyvm</command> command to enable or
          disable nested virtualization. See
          <xref linkend="vboxmanage-modifyvm"/>.
        </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

  </sect1>

  <xi:include href="user_isomakercmd-man.xml"    xpointer="element(/1)" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" />

</chapter>