VirtualBox

source: vbox/trunk/src/VBox/NetworkServices/NAT/proxy.c@ 74186

Last change on this file since 74186 was 73788, checked in by vboxsync, 6 years ago

NAT/Network: proxy_create_socket - don't treat the failure to set
TCP_NODELAY as fatal. It might affect performance but not the
semantic (unlike, say, failure to make a socket non-blocking).

  • Property svn:eol-style set to native
  • Property svn:keywords set to Id Revision
File size: 18.7 KB
Line 
1/* $Id: proxy.c 73788 2018-08-20 14:35:42Z vboxsync $ */
2/** @file
3 * NAT Network - proxy setup and utilities.
4 */
5
6/*
7 * Copyright (C) 2013-2017 Oracle Corporation
8 *
9 * This file is part of VirtualBox Open Source Edition (OSE), as
10 * available from http://www.virtualbox.org. This file is free software;
11 * you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
12 * General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software
13 * Foundation, in version 2 as it comes in the "COPYING" file of the
14 * VirtualBox OSE distribution. VirtualBox OSE is distributed in the
15 * hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY of any kind.
16 */
17
18#define LOG_GROUP LOG_GROUP_NAT_SERVICE
19
20#include "winutils.h"
21
22#include "proxy.h"
23#include "proxy_pollmgr.h"
24#include "portfwd.h"
25
26#include "lwip/opt.h"
27
28#include "lwip/sys.h"
29#include "lwip/tcpip.h"
30
31#ifndef RT_OS_WINDOWS
32#include <sys/poll.h>
33#include <sys/socket.h>
34#include <netinet/in.h>
35#include <netinet/tcp.h>
36#include <arpa/inet.h>
37#include <fcntl.h>
38#include <stdio.h>
39#include <iprt/string.h>
40#include <unistd.h>
41#include <err.h>
42#else
43# include <iprt/string.h>
44#endif
45
46#if defined(SOCK_NONBLOCK) && defined(RT_OS_NETBSD) /* XXX: PR kern/47569 */
47# undef SOCK_NONBLOCK
48#endif
49
50#ifndef __arraycount
51# define __arraycount(a) (sizeof(a)/sizeof(a[0]))
52#endif
53
54static FNRTSTRFORMATTYPE proxy_sockerr_rtstrfmt;
55
56static SOCKET proxy_create_socket(int, int);
57
58volatile struct proxy_options *g_proxy_options;
59static sys_thread_t pollmgr_tid;
60
61/* XXX: for mapping loopbacks to addresses in our network (ip4) */
62struct netif *g_proxy_netif;
63
64
65/*
66 * Called on the lwip thread (aka tcpip thread) from tcpip_init() via
67 * its "tcpip_init_done" callback. Raw API is ok to use here
68 * (e.g. rtadvd), but netconn API is not.
69 */
70void
71proxy_init(struct netif *proxy_netif, struct proxy_options *opts)
72{
73 int status;
74
75 LWIP_ASSERT1(opts != NULL);
76 LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(proxy_netif);
77
78 status = RTStrFormatTypeRegister("sockerr", proxy_sockerr_rtstrfmt, NULL);
79 AssertRC(status);
80
81 g_proxy_options = opts;
82 g_proxy_netif = proxy_netif;
83
84#if 1
85 proxy_rtadvd_start(proxy_netif);
86#endif
87
88 /*
89 * XXX: We use stateless DHCPv6 only to report IPv6 address(es) of
90 * nameserver(s). Since we don't yet support IPv6 addresses in
91 * HostDnsService, there's no point in running DHCPv6.
92 */
93#if 0
94 dhcp6ds_init(proxy_netif);
95#endif
96
97 if (opts->tftp_root != NULL) {
98 tftpd_init(proxy_netif, opts->tftp_root);
99 }
100
101 status = pollmgr_init();
102 if (status < 0) {
103 errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "failed to initialize poll manager");
104 /* NOTREACHED */
105 }
106
107 pxtcp_init();
108 pxudp_init();
109
110 portfwd_init();
111
112 pxdns_init(proxy_netif);
113
114 pxping_init(proxy_netif, opts->icmpsock4, opts->icmpsock6);
115
116 pollmgr_tid = sys_thread_new("pollmgr_thread",
117 pollmgr_thread, NULL,
118 DEFAULT_THREAD_STACKSIZE,
119 DEFAULT_THREAD_PRIO);
120 if (!pollmgr_tid) {
121 errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "failed to create poll manager thread");
122 /* NOTREACHED */
123 }
124}
125
126
127#if !defined(RT_OS_WINDOWS)
128/**
129 * Formatter for %R[sockerr] - unix strerror_r() version.
130 */
131static DECLCALLBACK(size_t)
132proxy_sockerr_rtstrfmt(PFNRTSTROUTPUT pfnOutput, void *pvArgOutput,
133 const char *pszType, const void *pvValue,
134 int cchWidth, int cchPrecision, unsigned int fFlags,
135 void *pvUser)
136{
137 const int error = (int)(intptr_t)pvValue;
138
139 const char *msg;
140 char buf[128];
141
142 NOREF(cchWidth);
143 NOREF(cchPrecision);
144 NOREF(fFlags);
145 NOREF(pvUser);
146
147 AssertReturn(strcmp(pszType, "sockerr") == 0, 0);
148
149 /* make sure return type mismatch is caught */
150 buf[0] = '\0';
151#if defined(RT_OS_LINUX) && defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
152 msg = strerror_r(error, buf, sizeof(buf));
153#else
154 strerror_r(error, buf, sizeof(buf));
155 msg = buf;
156#endif
157 return RTStrFormat(pfnOutput, pvArgOutput, NULL, NULL, "%s", msg);
158}
159
160#else /* RT_OS_WINDOWS */
161
162/**
163 * Formatter for %R[sockerr] - windows FormatMessage() version.
164 */
165static DECLCALLBACK(size_t)
166proxy_sockerr_rtstrfmt(PFNRTSTROUTPUT pfnOutput, void *pvArgOutput,
167 const char *pszType, const void *pvValue,
168 int cchWidth, int cchPrecision, unsigned int fFlags,
169 void *pvUser)
170{
171 const int error = (int)(intptr_t)pvValue;
172 size_t cb = 0;
173
174 NOREF(cchWidth);
175 NOREF(cchPrecision);
176 NOREF(fFlags);
177 NOREF(pvUser);
178
179 AssertReturn(strcmp(pszType, "sockerr") == 0, 0);
180
181 /*
182 * XXX: Windows strerror() doesn't handle posix error codes, but
183 * since winsock uses its own, it shouldn't be much of a problem.
184 * If you see a strange error message, it's probably from
185 * FormatMessage() for an error from <WinError.h> that has the
186 * same numeric value.
187 */
188 if (error < _sys_nerr) {
189 char buf[128] = "";
190 int status;
191
192 status = strerror_s(buf, sizeof(buf), error);
193 if (status == 0) {
194 if (strcmp(buf, "Unknown error") == 0) {
195 /* windows strerror() doesn't add the numeric value */
196 cb += RTStrFormat(pfnOutput, pvArgOutput, NULL, NULL,
197 "Unknown error: %d", error);
198 }
199 else {
200 cb += RTStrFormat(pfnOutput, pvArgOutput, NULL, NULL,
201 "%s", buf);
202 }
203 }
204 else {
205 cb += RTStrFormat(pfnOutput, pvArgOutput, NULL, NULL,
206 "Unknown error: %d", error);
207 }
208 }
209 else {
210 DWORD nchars;
211 char *msg = NULL;
212
213 nchars = FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM
214 | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER,
215 NULL, error, LANG_NEUTRAL,
216 (LPSTR)&msg, 0,
217 NULL);
218 if (nchars == 0 || msg == NULL) {
219 cb += RTStrFormat(pfnOutput, pvArgOutput, NULL, NULL,
220 "Unknown error: %d", error);
221 }
222 else {
223 /* FormatMessage() "helpfully" adds newline; get rid of it */
224 char *crpos = strchr(msg, '\r');
225 if (crpos != NULL) {
226 *crpos = '\0';
227 }
228
229 cb += RTStrFormat(pfnOutput, pvArgOutput, NULL, NULL,
230 "%s", msg);
231 }
232
233 if (msg != NULL) {
234 LocalFree(msg);
235 }
236 }
237
238 return cb;
239}
240#endif /* RT_OS_WINDOWS */
241
242
243/**
244 * Send static callback message from poll manager thread to lwip
245 * thread, scheduling a function call in lwip thread context.
246 *
247 * XXX: Existing lwip api only provides non-blocking version for this.
248 * It may fail when lwip thread is not running (mbox invalid) or if
249 * post failed (mbox full). How to handle these?
250 */
251void
252proxy_lwip_post(struct tcpip_msg *msg)
253{
254 struct tcpip_callback_msg *m;
255 err_t error;
256
257 LWIP_ASSERT1(msg != NULL);
258
259 /*
260 * lwip plays games with fake incomplete struct tag to enforce API
261 */
262 m = (struct tcpip_callback_msg *)msg;
263 error = tcpip_callbackmsg(m);
264
265 if (error == ERR_VAL) {
266 /* XXX: lwip thread is not running (mbox invalid) */
267 LWIP_ASSERT1(error != ERR_VAL);
268 }
269
270 LWIP_ASSERT1(error == ERR_OK);
271}
272
273
274/**
275 * Create a non-blocking socket. Disable SIGPIPE for TCP sockets if
276 * possible. On Linux it's not possible and should be disabled for
277 * each send(2) individually.
278 */
279static SOCKET
280proxy_create_socket(int sdom, int stype)
281{
282 SOCKET s;
283 int stype_and_flags;
284 int status;
285
286 LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(status); /* depends on ifdefs */
287
288
289 stype_and_flags = stype;
290
291#if defined(SOCK_NONBLOCK)
292 stype_and_flags |= SOCK_NONBLOCK;
293#endif
294
295 /*
296 * Disable SIGPIPE on disconnected socket. It might be easier to
297 * forgo it and just use MSG_NOSIGNAL on each send*(2), since we
298 * have to do it for Linux anyway, but Darwin does NOT have that
299 * flag (but has SO_NOSIGPIPE socket option).
300 */
301#if !defined(SOCK_NOSIGPIPE) && !defined(SO_NOSIGPIPE) && !defined(MSG_NOSIGNAL)
302#if 0 /* XXX: Solaris has neither, the program should ignore SIGPIPE globally */
303#error Need a way to disable SIGPIPE on connection oriented sockets!
304#endif
305#endif
306
307#if defined(SOCK_NOSIGPIPE)
308 if (stype == SOCK_STREAM) {
309 stype_and_flags |= SOCK_NOSIGPIPE;
310 }
311#endif
312
313 s = socket(sdom, stype_and_flags, 0);
314 if (s == INVALID_SOCKET) {
315 DPRINTF(("socket: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
316 return INVALID_SOCKET;
317 }
318
319#if defined(RT_OS_WINDOWS)
320 {
321 u_long mode = 1;
322 status = ioctlsocket(s, FIONBIO, &mode);
323 if (status == SOCKET_ERROR) {
324 DPRINTF(("FIONBIO: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
325 closesocket(s);
326 return INVALID_SOCKET;
327 }
328 }
329#elif !defined(SOCK_NONBLOCK)
330 {
331 int sflags;
332
333 sflags = fcntl(s, F_GETFL, 0);
334 if (sflags < 0) {
335 DPRINTF(("F_GETFL: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
336 closesocket(s);
337 return INVALID_SOCKET;
338 }
339
340 status = fcntl(s, F_SETFL, sflags | O_NONBLOCK);
341 if (status < 0) {
342 DPRINTF(("O_NONBLOCK: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
343 closesocket(s);
344 return INVALID_SOCKET;
345 }
346 }
347#endif
348
349#if !defined(SOCK_NOSIGPIPE) && defined(SO_NOSIGPIPE)
350 if (stype == SOCK_STREAM) {
351 int on = 1;
352 const socklen_t onlen = sizeof(on);
353
354 status = setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_NOSIGPIPE, &on, onlen);
355 if (status < 0) {
356 DPRINTF(("SO_NOSIGPIPE: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
357 closesocket(s);
358 return INVALID_SOCKET;
359 }
360 }
361#endif
362
363 /*
364 * Disable the Nagle algorithm. Otherwise the host may hold back
365 * packets that the guest wants to go out, causing potentially
366 * horrible performance. The guest is already applying the Nagle
367 * algorithm (or not) the way it wants.
368 */
369 if (stype == SOCK_STREAM) {
370 int on = 1;
371 const socklen_t onlen = sizeof(on);
372
373 status = setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, (char *)&on, onlen);
374 if (status < 0) {
375 DPRINTF(("TCP_NODELAY: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
376 }
377 }
378
379#if defined(RT_OS_WINDOWS)
380 /*
381 * lwIP only holds one packet of "refused data" for us. Proxy
382 * relies on OS socket send buffer and doesn't do its own
383 * buffering. Unfortunately on Windows send buffer is very small
384 * (8K by default) and is not dynamically adpated by the OS it
385 * seems. So a single large write will fill it up and that will
386 * make lwIP drop segments, causing guest TCP into pathologic
387 * resend patterns. As a quick and dirty fix just bump it up.
388 */
389 if (stype == SOCK_STREAM) {
390 int sndbuf;
391 socklen_t optlen = sizeof(sndbuf);
392
393 status = getsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *)&sndbuf, &optlen);
394 if (status == 0) {
395 if (sndbuf < 64 * 1024) {
396 sndbuf = 64 * 1024;
397 status = setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF,
398 (char *)&sndbuf, optlen);
399 if (status != 0) {
400 DPRINTF(("SO_SNDBUF: setsockopt: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
401 }
402 }
403 }
404 else {
405 DPRINTF(("SO_SNDBUF: getsockopt: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
406 }
407 }
408#endif
409
410 return s;
411}
412
413
414/**
415 * Create a socket for outbound connection to dst_addr:dst_port.
416 *
417 * The socket is non-blocking and TCP sockets has SIGPIPE disabled if
418 * possible. On Linux it's not possible and should be disabled for
419 * each send(2) individually.
420 */
421SOCKET
422proxy_connected_socket(int sdom, int stype,
423 ipX_addr_t *dst_addr, u16_t dst_port)
424{
425 struct sockaddr_in6 dst_sin6;
426 struct sockaddr_in dst_sin;
427 struct sockaddr *pdst_sa;
428 socklen_t dst_sa_len;
429 void *pdst_addr;
430 const struct sockaddr *psrc_sa;
431 socklen_t src_sa_len;
432 int status;
433 int sockerr;
434 SOCKET s;
435
436 LWIP_ASSERT1(sdom == PF_INET || sdom == PF_INET6);
437 LWIP_ASSERT1(stype == SOCK_STREAM || stype == SOCK_DGRAM);
438
439 DPRINTF(("---> %s ", stype == SOCK_STREAM ? "TCP" : "UDP"));
440 if (sdom == PF_INET6) {
441 pdst_sa = (struct sockaddr *)&dst_sin6;
442 pdst_addr = (void *)&dst_sin6.sin6_addr;
443
444 memset(&dst_sin6, 0, sizeof(dst_sin6));
445#if HAVE_SA_LEN
446 dst_sin6.sin6_len =
447#endif
448 dst_sa_len = sizeof(dst_sin6);
449 dst_sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
450 memcpy(&dst_sin6.sin6_addr, &dst_addr->ip6, sizeof(ip6_addr_t));
451 dst_sin6.sin6_port = htons(dst_port);
452
453 DPRINTF(("[%RTnaipv6]:%d ", &dst_sin6.sin6_addr, dst_port));
454 }
455 else { /* sdom = PF_INET */
456 pdst_sa = (struct sockaddr *)&dst_sin;
457 pdst_addr = (void *)&dst_sin.sin_addr;
458
459 memset(&dst_sin, 0, sizeof(dst_sin));
460#if HAVE_SA_LEN
461 dst_sin.sin_len =
462#endif
463 dst_sa_len = sizeof(dst_sin);
464 dst_sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
465 dst_sin.sin_addr.s_addr = dst_addr->ip4.addr; /* byte-order? */
466 dst_sin.sin_port = htons(dst_port);
467
468 DPRINTF(("%RTnaipv4:%d ", dst_sin.sin_addr.s_addr, dst_port));
469 }
470
471 s = proxy_create_socket(sdom, stype);
472 if (s == INVALID_SOCKET) {
473 return INVALID_SOCKET;
474 }
475 DPRINTF(("socket %d\n", s));
476
477 /** @todo needs locking if dynamic modifyvm is allowed */
478 if (sdom == PF_INET6) {
479 psrc_sa = (const struct sockaddr *)g_proxy_options->src6;
480 src_sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
481 }
482 else {
483 psrc_sa = (const struct sockaddr *)g_proxy_options->src4;
484 src_sa_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
485 }
486 if (psrc_sa != NULL) {
487 status = bind(s, psrc_sa, src_sa_len);
488 if (status == SOCKET_ERROR) {
489 sockerr = SOCKERRNO();
490 DPRINTF(("socket %d: bind: %R[sockerr]\n", s, sockerr));
491 closesocket(s);
492 SET_SOCKERRNO(sockerr);
493 return INVALID_SOCKET;
494 }
495 }
496
497 status = connect(s, pdst_sa, dst_sa_len);
498 if (status == SOCKET_ERROR
499#if !defined(RT_OS_WINDOWS)
500 && SOCKERRNO() != EINPROGRESS
501#else
502 && SOCKERRNO() != EWOULDBLOCK
503#endif
504 )
505 {
506 sockerr = SOCKERRNO();
507 DPRINTF(("socket %d: connect: %R[sockerr]\n", s, sockerr));
508 closesocket(s);
509 SET_SOCKERRNO(sockerr);
510 return INVALID_SOCKET;
511 }
512
513 return s;
514}
515
516
517/**
518 * Create a socket for inbound (port-forwarded) connections to
519 * src_addr (port is part of sockaddr, so not a separate argument).
520 *
521 * The socket is non-blocking and TCP sockets has SIGPIPE disabled if
522 * possible. On Linux it's not possible and should be disabled for
523 * each send(2) individually.
524 *
525 * TODO?: Support v6-mapped v4 so that user can specify she wants
526 * "udp" and get both versions?
527 */
528SOCKET
529proxy_bound_socket(int sdom, int stype, struct sockaddr *src_addr)
530{
531 SOCKET s;
532 int on;
533 const socklen_t onlen = sizeof(on);
534 int status;
535 int sockerr;
536
537 s = proxy_create_socket(sdom, stype);
538 if (s == INVALID_SOCKET) {
539 return INVALID_SOCKET;
540 }
541 DPRINTF(("socket %d\n", s));
542
543 on = 1;
544 status = setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char *)&on, onlen);
545 if (status < 0) { /* not good, but not fatal */
546 DPRINTF(("SO_REUSEADDR: %R[sockerr]\n", SOCKERRNO()));
547 }
548
549 status = bind(s, src_addr,
550 sdom == PF_INET ?
551 sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)
552 : sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6));
553 if (status == SOCKET_ERROR) {
554 sockerr = SOCKERRNO();
555 DPRINTF(("bind: %R[sockerr]\n", sockerr));
556 closesocket(s);
557 SET_SOCKERRNO(sockerr);
558 return INVALID_SOCKET;
559 }
560
561 if (stype == SOCK_STREAM) {
562 status = listen(s, 5);
563 if (status == SOCKET_ERROR) {
564 sockerr = SOCKERRNO();
565 DPRINTF(("listen: %R[sockerr]\n", sockerr));
566 closesocket(s);
567 SET_SOCKERRNO(sockerr);
568 return INVALID_SOCKET;
569 }
570 }
571
572 return s;
573}
574
575
576void
577proxy_reset_socket(SOCKET s)
578{
579 struct linger linger;
580
581 linger.l_onoff = 1;
582 linger.l_linger = 0;
583
584 /* On Windows we can run into issue here, perhaps SO_LINGER isn't enough, and
585 * we should use WSA{Send,Recv}Disconnect instead.
586 *
587 * Links for the reference:
588 * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms738547%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
589 * http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4468997
590 */
591 setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_LINGER, (char *)&linger, sizeof(linger));
592
593 closesocket(s);
594}
595
596
597int
598proxy_sendto(SOCKET sock, struct pbuf *p, void *name, size_t namelen)
599{
600 struct pbuf *q;
601 size_t i, clen;
602#ifndef RT_OS_WINDOWS
603 struct msghdr mh;
604 ssize_t nsent;
605#else
606 DWORD nsent;
607#endif
608 int rc;
609 IOVEC fixiov[8]; /* fixed size (typical case) */
610 const size_t fixiovsize = sizeof(fixiov)/sizeof(fixiov[0]);
611 IOVEC *dyniov; /* dynamically sized */
612 IOVEC *iov;
613 int error = 0;
614
615 /*
616 * Static iov[] is usually enough since UDP protocols use small
617 * datagrams to avoid fragmentation, but be prepared.
618 */
619 clen = pbuf_clen(p);
620 if (clen > fixiovsize) {
621 /*
622 * XXX: TODO: check that clen is shorter than IOV_MAX
623 */
624 dyniov = (IOVEC *)malloc(clen * sizeof(*dyniov));
625 if (dyniov == NULL) {
626 error = -errno; /* sic: not a socket error */
627 goto out;
628 }
629 iov = dyniov;
630 }
631 else {
632 dyniov = NULL;
633 iov = fixiov;
634 }
635
636
637 for (q = p, i = 0; i < clen; q = q->next, ++i) {
638 LWIP_ASSERT1(q != NULL);
639
640 IOVEC_SET_BASE(iov[i], q->payload);
641 IOVEC_SET_LEN(iov[i], q->len);
642 }
643
644#ifndef RT_OS_WINDOWS
645 memset(&mh, 0, sizeof(mh));
646 mh.msg_name = name;
647 mh.msg_namelen = namelen;
648 mh.msg_iov = iov;
649 mh.msg_iovlen = clen;
650
651 nsent = sendmsg(sock, &mh, 0);
652 rc = (nsent >= 0) ? 0 : SOCKET_ERROR;
653#else
654 rc = WSASendTo(sock, iov, (DWORD)clen, &nsent, 0,
655 name, (int)namelen, NULL, NULL);
656#endif
657 if (rc == SOCKET_ERROR) {
658 error = SOCKERRNO();
659 DPRINTF(("%s: socket %d: sendmsg: %R[sockerr]\n",
660 __func__, sock, error));
661 error = -error;
662 }
663
664 out:
665 if (dyniov != NULL) {
666 free(dyniov);
667 }
668 return error;
669}
670
671
672static const char *lwiperr[] = {
673 "ERR_OK",
674 "ERR_MEM",
675 "ERR_BUF",
676 "ERR_TIMEOUT",
677 "ERR_RTE",
678 "ERR_INPROGRESS",
679 "ERR_VAL",
680 "ERR_WOULDBLOCK",
681 "ERR_USE",
682 "ERR_ISCONN",
683 "ERR_ABRT",
684 "ERR_RST",
685 "ERR_CLSD",
686 "ERR_CONN",
687 "ERR_ARG",
688 "ERR_IF"
689};
690
691
692const char *
693proxy_lwip_strerr(err_t error)
694{
695 static char buf[32];
696 int e = -error;
697
698 if (0 <= e && e < (int)__arraycount(lwiperr)) {
699 return lwiperr[e];
700 }
701 else {
702 RTStrPrintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "unknown error %d", error);
703 return buf;
704 }
705}
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