source: vbox/trunk/src/VBox/Storage/VD.cpp@ 47709

/* $Id: VD.cpp 47420 2013-07-26 11:16:35Z vboxsync $ */
/** @file
 * VBoxHDD - VBox HDD Container implementation.
 */

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006-2013 Oracle Corporation
 *
 * This file is part of VirtualBox Open Source Edition (OSE), as
 * available from http://www.virtualbox.org. This file is free software;
 * you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
 * General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software
 * Foundation, in version 2 as it comes in the "COPYING" file of the
 * VirtualBox OSE distribution. VirtualBox OSE is distributed in the
 * hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY of any kind.
 */

/*******************************************************************************
*   Header Files                                                               *
*******************************************************************************/
#define LOG_GROUP LOG_GROUP_VD
#include <VBox/vd.h>
#include <VBox/err.h>
#include <VBox/sup.h>
#include <VBox/log.h>

#include <iprt/alloc.h>
#include <iprt/assert.h>
#include <iprt/uuid.h>
#include <iprt/file.h>
#include <iprt/string.h>
#include <iprt/asm.h>
#include <iprt/ldr.h>
#include <iprt/dir.h>
#include <iprt/path.h>
#include <iprt/param.h>
#include <iprt/memcache.h>
#include <iprt/sg.h>
#include <iprt/list.h>
#include <iprt/avl.h>
#include <iprt/semaphore.h>

#include <VBox/vd-plugin.h>
#include <VBox/vd-cache-plugin.h>

/** Disable dynamic backends on non x86 architectures. This feature
 * requires the SUPR3 library which is not available there.
 */
#if !defined(VBOX_HDD_NO_DYNAMIC_BACKENDS) && !defined(RT_ARCH_X86) && !defined(RT_ARCH_AMD64)
# define VBOX_HDD_NO_DYNAMIC_BACKENDS
#endif

#define VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE 0x6f0e2a7d

/** Buffer size used for merging images. */
#define VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE    (16 * _1M)

/** Maximum number of segments in one I/O task. */
#define VD_IO_TASK_SEGMENTS_MAX 64

/** Threshold after not recently used blocks are removed from the list. */
#define VD_DISCARD_REMOVE_THRESHOLD (10 * _1M) /** @todo: experiment */

/**
 * VD async I/O interface storage descriptor.
 */
typedef struct VDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE
{
    /** File handle. */
    RTFILE              File;
    /** Completion callback. */
    PFNVDCOMPLETED      pfnCompleted;
    /** Thread for async access. */
    RTTHREAD            ThreadAsync;
} VDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE, *PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE;

/**
 * Structure containing everything I/O related
 * for the image and cache descriptors.
 */
typedef struct VDIO
{
    /** I/O interface to the upper layer. */
    PVDINTERFACEIO      pInterfaceIo;

    /** Per image internal I/O interface. */
    VDINTERFACEIOINT    VDIfIoInt;

    /** Fallback I/O interface, only used if the caller doesn't provide it. */
    VDINTERFACEIO       VDIfIo;

    /** Opaque backend data. */
    void               *pBackendData;
    /** Disk this image is part of */
    PVBOXHDD            pDisk;
    /** Flag whether to ignore flush requests. */
    bool                fIgnoreFlush;
} VDIO, *PVDIO;

/** Forward declaration of an I/O task */
typedef struct VDIOTASK *PVDIOTASK;

/**
 * VBox HDD Container image descriptor.
 */
typedef struct VDIMAGE
{
    /** Link to parent image descriptor, if any. */
    struct VDIMAGE     *pPrev;
    /** Link to child image descriptor, if any. */
    struct VDIMAGE     *pNext;
    /** Container base filename. (UTF-8) */
    char               *pszFilename;
    /** Data managed by the backend which keeps the actual info. */
    void               *pBackendData;
    /** Cached sanitized image flags. */
    unsigned            uImageFlags;
    /** Image open flags (only those handled generically in this code and which
     * the backends will never ever see). */
    unsigned            uOpenFlags;

    /** Function pointers for the various backend methods. */
    PCVBOXHDDBACKEND    Backend;
    /** Pointer to list of VD interfaces, per-image. */
    PVDINTERFACE        pVDIfsImage;
    /** I/O related things. */
    VDIO                VDIo;
} VDIMAGE, *PVDIMAGE;

/**
 * uModified bit flags.
 */
#define VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FLAG                  RT_BIT(0)
#define VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST                 RT_BIT(1)
#define VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_DISABLE_UUID_UPDATE   RT_BIT(2)


/**
 * VBox HDD Cache image descriptor.
 */
typedef struct VDCACHE
{
    /** Cache base filename. (UTF-8) */
    char               *pszFilename;
    /** Data managed by the backend which keeps the actual info. */
    void               *pBackendData;
    /** Cached sanitized image flags. */
    unsigned            uImageFlags;
    /** Image open flags (only those handled generically in this code and which
     * the backends will never ever see). */
    unsigned            uOpenFlags;

    /** Function pointers for the various backend methods. */
    PCVDCACHEBACKEND    Backend;

    /** Pointer to list of VD interfaces, per-cache. */
    PVDINTERFACE        pVDIfsCache;
    /** I/O related things. */
    VDIO                VDIo;
} VDCACHE, *PVDCACHE;

/**
 * A block waiting for a discard.
 */
typedef struct VDDISCARDBLOCK
{
    /** AVL core. */
    AVLRU64NODECORE    Core;
    /** LRU list node. */
    RTLISTNODE         NodeLru;
    /** Number of bytes to discard. */
    size_t             cbDiscard;
    /** Bitmap of allocated sectors. */
    void              *pbmAllocated;
} VDDISCARDBLOCK, *PVDDISCARDBLOCK;

/**
 * VD discard state.
 */
typedef struct VDDISCARDSTATE
{
    /** Number of bytes waiting for a discard. */
    size_t              cbDiscarding;
    /** AVL tree with blocks waiting for a discard.
     * The uOffset + cbDiscard range is the search key. */
    PAVLRU64TREE        pTreeBlocks;
    /** LRU list of the least frequently discarded blocks.
     * If there are to many blocks waiting the least frequently used
     * will be removed and the range will be set to 0.
     */
    RTLISTNODE          ListLru;
} VDDISCARDSTATE, *PVDDISCARDSTATE;

/**
 * VBox HDD Container main structure, private part.
 */
struct VBOXHDD
{
    /** Structure signature (VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE). */
    uint32_t               u32Signature;

    /** Image type. */
    VDTYPE                 enmType;

    /** Number of opened images. */
    unsigned               cImages;

    /** Base image. */
    PVDIMAGE               pBase;

    /** Last opened image in the chain.
     * The same as pBase if only one image is used. */
    PVDIMAGE               pLast;

    /** If a merge to one of the parents is running this may be non-NULL
     * to indicate to what image the writes should be additionally relayed. */
    PVDIMAGE               pImageRelay;

    /** Flags representing the modification state. */
    unsigned               uModified;

    /** Cached size of this disk. */
    uint64_t               cbSize;
    /** Cached PCHS geometry for this disk. */
    VDGEOMETRY             PCHSGeometry;
    /** Cached LCHS geometry for this disk. */
    VDGEOMETRY             LCHSGeometry;

    /** Pointer to list of VD interfaces, per-disk. */
    PVDINTERFACE           pVDIfsDisk;
    /** Pointer to the common interface structure for error reporting. */
    PVDINTERFACEERROR      pInterfaceError;
    /** Pointer to the optional thread synchronization callbacks. */
    PVDINTERFACETHREADSYNC pInterfaceThreadSync;

    /** Memory cache for I/O contexts */
    RTMEMCACHE             hMemCacheIoCtx;
    /** Memory cache for I/O tasks. */
    RTMEMCACHE             hMemCacheIoTask;
    /** An I/O context is currently using the disk structures
     * Every I/O context must be placed on one of the lists below. */
    volatile bool          fLocked;
    /** Head of pending I/O tasks waiting for completion - LIFO order. */
    volatile PVDIOTASK     pIoTasksPendingHead;
    /** Head of newly queued I/O contexts - LIFO order. */
    volatile PVDIOCTX      pIoCtxHead;
    /** Head of halted I/O contexts which are given back to generic
     * disk framework by the backend. - LIFO order. */
    volatile PVDIOCTX      pIoCtxHaltedHead;

    /** Head of blocked I/O contexts, processed only
     * after pIoCtxLockOwner was freed - LIFO order. */
    volatile PVDIOCTX      pIoCtxBlockedHead;
    /** I/O context which locked the disk for a growing write or flush request.
     * Other flush or growing write requests need to wait until
     * the current one completes. - NIL_VDIOCTX if unlocked. */
    volatile PVDIOCTX      pIoCtxLockOwner;

    /** Pointer to the L2 disk cache if any. */
    PVDCACHE               pCache;
    /** Pointer to the discard state if any. */
    PVDDISCARDSTATE        pDiscard;

    /** Event semaphore for synchronous I/O. */
    RTSEMEVENT             hEventSemSyncIo;
    /** Status code of the last synchronous I/O request. */
    int                    rcSync;
};

# define VD_IS_LOCKED(a_pDisk) \
    do \
    { \
        AssertMsg(a_pDisk->fLocked, \
                  ("Lock not held\n"));\
    } while(0)

/**
 * VBox parent read descriptor, used internally for compaction.
 */
typedef struct VDPARENTSTATEDESC
{
    /** Pointer to disk descriptor. */
    PVBOXHDD pDisk;
    /** Pointer to image descriptor. */
    PVDIMAGE pImage;
} VDPARENTSTATEDESC, *PVDPARENTSTATEDESC;

/**
 * Transfer direction.
 */
typedef enum VDIOCTXTXDIR
{
    /** Read */
    VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ = 0,
    /** Write */
    VDIOCTXTXDIR_WRITE,
    /** Flush */
    VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH,
    /** Discard */
    VDIOCTXTXDIR_DISCARD,
    /** 32bit hack */
    VDIOCTXTXDIR_32BIT_HACK = 0x7fffffff
} VDIOCTXTXDIR, *PVDIOCTXTXDIR;

/** Transfer function */
typedef DECLCALLBACK(int) FNVDIOCTXTRANSFER (PVDIOCTX pIoCtx);
/** Pointer to a transfer function. */
typedef FNVDIOCTXTRANSFER *PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER;

/**
 * I/O context
 */
typedef struct VDIOCTX
{
    /** Pointer to the next I/O context. */
    struct VDIOCTX * volatile    pIoCtxNext;
    /** Disk this is request is for. */
    PVBOXHDD                     pDisk;
    /** Return code. */
    int                          rcReq;
    /** Various flags for the I/O context. */
    uint32_t                     fFlags;
    /** Number of data transfers currently pending. */
    volatile uint32_t            cDataTransfersPending;
    /** How many meta data transfers are pending. */
    volatile uint32_t            cMetaTransfersPending;
    /** Flag whether the request finished */
    volatile bool                fComplete;
    /** Temporary allocated memory which is freed
     * when the context completes. */
    void                        *pvAllocation;
    /** Transfer function. */
    PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER           pfnIoCtxTransfer;
    /** Next transfer part after the current one completed. */
    PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER           pfnIoCtxTransferNext;
    /** Transfer direction */
    VDIOCTXTXDIR                 enmTxDir;
    /** Request type dependent data. */
    union
    {
        /** I/O request (read/write). */
        struct
        {
            /** Number of bytes left until this context completes. */
            volatile uint32_t    cbTransferLeft;
            /** Current offset */
            volatile uint64_t    uOffset;
            /** Number of bytes to transfer */
            volatile size_t      cbTransfer;
            /** Current image in the chain. */
            PVDIMAGE             pImageCur;
            /** Start image to read from. pImageCur is reset to this
             *  value after it reached the first image in the chain. */
            PVDIMAGE             pImageStart;
            /** S/G buffer */
            RTSGBUF              SgBuf;
            /** Number of bytes to clear in the buffer before the current read. */
            size_t               cbBufClear;
            /** Number of images to read. */
            unsigned             cImagesRead;
            /** Override for the parent image to start reading from. */
            PVDIMAGE             pImageParentOverride;
        } Io;
        /** Discard requests. */
        struct
        {
            /** Pointer to the range descriptor array. */
            PCRTRANGE            paRanges;
            /** Number of ranges in the array. */
            unsigned             cRanges;
            /** Range descriptor index which is processed. */
            unsigned             idxRange;
            /** Start offset to discard currently. */
            uint64_t             offCur;
            /** How many bytes left to discard in the current range. */
            size_t               cbDiscardLeft;
            /** How many bytes to discard in the current block (<= cbDiscardLeft). */
            size_t               cbThisDiscard;
            /** Discard block handled currently. */
            PVDDISCARDBLOCK      pBlock;
        } Discard;
    } Req;
    /** Parent I/O context if any. Sets the type of the context (root/child) */
    PVDIOCTX                     pIoCtxParent;
    /** Type dependent data (root/child) */
    union
    {
        /** Root data */
        struct
        {
            /** Completion callback */
            PFNVDASYNCTRANSFERCOMPLETE   pfnComplete;
            /** User argument 1 passed on completion. */
            void                        *pvUser1;
            /** User argument 2 passed on completion. */
            void                        *pvUser2;
        } Root;
        /** Child data */
        struct
        {
            /** Saved start offset */
            uint64_t                     uOffsetSaved;
            /** Saved transfer size */
            size_t                       cbTransferLeftSaved;
            /** Number of bytes transferred from the parent if this context completes. */
            size_t                       cbTransferParent;
            /** Number of bytes to pre read */
            size_t                       cbPreRead;
            /** Number of bytes to post read. */
            size_t                       cbPostRead;
            /** Number of bytes to write left in the parent. */
            size_t                       cbWriteParent;
            /** Write type dependent data. */
            union
            {
                /** Optimized */
                struct
                {
                    /** Bytes to fill to satisfy the block size. Not part of the virtual disk. */
                    size_t               cbFill;
                    /** Bytes to copy instead of reading from the parent */
                    size_t               cbWriteCopy;
                    /** Bytes to read from the image. */
                    size_t               cbReadImage;
                } Optimized;
            } Write;
        } Child;
    } Type;
} VDIOCTX;

/** Default flags for an I/O context, i.e. unblocked and async. */
#define VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DEFAULT                         (0)
/** Flag whether the context is blocked. */
#define VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED                RT_BIT_32(0)
/** Flag whether the I/O context is using synchronous I/O. */
#define VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC                   RT_BIT_32(1)
/** Flag whether the read should update the cache. */
#define VDIOCTX_FLAGS_READ_UPDATE_CACHE      RT_BIT_32(2)
/** Flag whether free blocks should be zeroed.
 * If false and no image has data for sepcified
 * range VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE is returned for the I/O context.
 * Note that unallocated blocks are still zeroed
 * if at least one image has valid data for a part
 * of the range.
 */
#define VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS       RT_BIT_32(3)
/** Don't free the I/O context when complete because
 * it was alloacted elsewhere (stack, ...). */
#define VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_FREE              RT_BIT_32(4)
/* Don't set the modified flag for this I/O context when writing. */
#define VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_SET_MODIFIED_FLAG RT_BIT_32(5)

/** NIL I/O context pointer value. */
#define NIL_VDIOCTX ((PVDIOCTX)0)

/**
 * List node for deferred I/O contexts.
 */
typedef struct VDIOCTXDEFERRED
{
    /** Node in the list of deferred requests.
     * A request can be deferred if the image is growing
     * and the request accesses the same range or if
     * the backend needs to read or write metadata from the disk
     * before it can continue. */
    RTLISTNODE NodeDeferred;
    /** I/O context this entry points to. */
    PVDIOCTX   pIoCtx;
} VDIOCTXDEFERRED, *PVDIOCTXDEFERRED;

/**
 * I/O task.
 */
typedef struct VDIOTASK
{
    /** Next I/O task waiting in the list. */
    struct VDIOTASK * volatile   pNext;
    /** Storage this task belongs to. */
    PVDIOSTORAGE                 pIoStorage;
    /** Optional completion callback. */
    PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED           pfnComplete;
    /** Opaque user data. */
    void                        *pvUser;
    /** Completion status code for the task. */
    int                          rcReq;
    /** Flag whether this is a meta data transfer. */
    bool                         fMeta;
    /** Type dependent data. */
    union
    {
        /** User data transfer. */
        struct
        {
            /** Number of bytes this task transferred. */
            uint32_t             cbTransfer;
            /** Pointer to the I/O context the task belongs. */
            PVDIOCTX             pIoCtx;
        } User;
        /** Meta data transfer. */
        struct
        {
            /** Meta transfer this task is for. */
            PVDMETAXFER          pMetaXfer;
        } Meta;
    } Type;
} VDIOTASK;

/**
 * Storage handle.
 */
typedef struct VDIOSTORAGE
{
    /** Image I/O state this storage handle belongs to. */
    PVDIO                        pVDIo;
    /** AVL tree for pending async metadata transfers. */
    PAVLRFOFFTREE                pTreeMetaXfers;
    /** Storage handle */
    void                        *pStorage;
} VDIOSTORAGE;

/**
 *  Metadata transfer.
 *
 *  @note This entry can't be freed if either the list is not empty or
 *  the reference counter is not 0.
 *  The assumption is that the backends don't need to read huge amounts of
 *  metadata to complete a transfer so the additional memory overhead should
 *  be relatively small.
 */
typedef struct VDMETAXFER
{
    /** AVL core for fast search (the file offset is the key) */
    AVLRFOFFNODECORE Core;
    /** I/O storage for this transfer. */
    PVDIOSTORAGE     pIoStorage;
    /** Flags. */
    uint32_t         fFlags;
    /** List of I/O contexts waiting for this metadata transfer to complete. */
    RTLISTNODE       ListIoCtxWaiting;
    /** Number of references to this entry. */
    unsigned         cRefs;
    /** Size of the data stored with this entry. */
    size_t           cbMeta;
    /** Data stored - variable size. */
    uint8_t          abData[1];
} VDMETAXFER;

/**
 * The transfer direction for the metadata.
 */
#define VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_MASK  0x3
#define VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE  0x0
#define VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_WRITE 0x1
#define VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_READ  0x2
#define VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_FLUSH 0x3
#define VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_GET(flags)      ((flags) & VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_MASK)
#define VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(flags, dir) ((flags) = (flags & ~VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_MASK) | (dir))

extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_RawBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_VmdkBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_VDIBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_VhdBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_ParallelsBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_DmgBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_ISCSIBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_QedBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_QCowBackend;
extern VBOXHDDBACKEND g_VhdxBackend;

static unsigned g_cBackends = 0;
static PVBOXHDDBACKEND *g_apBackends = NULL;
static PVBOXHDDBACKEND aStaticBackends[] =
{
    &g_VmdkBackend,
    &g_VDIBackend,
    &g_VhdBackend,
    &g_ParallelsBackend,
    &g_DmgBackend,
    &g_QedBackend,
    &g_QCowBackend,
    &g_VhdxBackend,
    &g_RawBackend,
    &g_ISCSIBackend
};

/**
 * Supported backends for the disk cache.
 */
extern VDCACHEBACKEND g_VciCacheBackend;

static unsigned g_cCacheBackends = 0;
static PVDCACHEBACKEND *g_apCacheBackends = NULL;
static PVDCACHEBACKEND aStaticCacheBackends[] =
{
    &g_VciCacheBackend
};

/** Forward declaration of the async discard helper. */
static int vdDiscardHelperAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx);
static int vdWriteHelperAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx);
static void vdDiskProcessBlockedIoCtx(PVBOXHDD pDisk);
static int vdDiskUnlock(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtxRc);
static DECLCALLBACK(void) vdIoCtxSyncComplete(void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2, int rcReq);

/**
 * internal: add several backends.
 */
static int vdAddBackends(PVBOXHDDBACKEND *ppBackends, unsigned cBackends)
{
    PVBOXHDDBACKEND *pTmp = (PVBOXHDDBACKEND*)RTMemRealloc(g_apBackends,
           (g_cBackends + cBackends) * sizeof(PVBOXHDDBACKEND));
    if (RT_UNLIKELY(!pTmp))
        return VERR_NO_MEMORY;
    g_apBackends = pTmp;
    memcpy(&g_apBackends[g_cBackends], ppBackends, cBackends * sizeof(PVBOXHDDBACKEND));
    g_cBackends += cBackends;
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * internal: add single backend.
 */
DECLINLINE(int) vdAddBackend(PVBOXHDDBACKEND pBackend)
{
    return vdAddBackends(&pBackend, 1);
}

/**
 * internal: add several cache backends.
 */
static int vdAddCacheBackends(PVDCACHEBACKEND *ppBackends, unsigned cBackends)
{
    PVDCACHEBACKEND *pTmp = (PVDCACHEBACKEND*)RTMemRealloc(g_apCacheBackends,
           (g_cCacheBackends + cBackends) * sizeof(PVDCACHEBACKEND));
    if (RT_UNLIKELY(!pTmp))
        return VERR_NO_MEMORY;
    g_apCacheBackends = pTmp;
    memcpy(&g_apCacheBackends[g_cCacheBackends], ppBackends, cBackends * sizeof(PVDCACHEBACKEND));
    g_cCacheBackends += cBackends;
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * internal: add single cache backend.
 */
DECLINLINE(int) vdAddCacheBackend(PVDCACHEBACKEND pBackend)
{
    return vdAddCacheBackends(&pBackend, 1);
}

/**
 * internal: issue error message.
 */
static int vdError(PVBOXHDD pDisk, int rc, RT_SRC_POS_DECL,
                   const char *pszFormat, ...)
{
    va_list va;
    va_start(va, pszFormat);
    if (pDisk->pInterfaceError)
        pDisk->pInterfaceError->pfnError(pDisk->pInterfaceError->Core.pvUser, rc, RT_SRC_POS_ARGS, pszFormat, va);
    va_end(va);
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: thread synchronization, start read.
 */
DECLINLINE(int) vdThreadStartRead(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    if (RT_UNLIKELY(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync))
        rc = pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->pfnStartRead(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->Core.pvUser);
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: thread synchronization, finish read.
 */
DECLINLINE(int) vdThreadFinishRead(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    if (RT_UNLIKELY(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync))
        rc = pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->pfnFinishRead(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->Core.pvUser);
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: thread synchronization, start write.
 */
DECLINLINE(int) vdThreadStartWrite(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    if (RT_UNLIKELY(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync))
        rc = pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->pfnStartWrite(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->Core.pvUser);
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: thread synchronization, finish write.
 */
DECLINLINE(int) vdThreadFinishWrite(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    if (RT_UNLIKELY(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync))
        rc = pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->pfnFinishWrite(pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync->Core.pvUser);
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: find image format backend.
 */
static int vdFindBackend(const char *pszBackend, PCVBOXHDDBACKEND *ppBackend)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PCVBOXHDDBACKEND pBackend = NULL;

    if (!g_apBackends)
        VDInit();

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_cBackends; i++)
    {
        if (!RTStrICmp(pszBackend, g_apBackends[i]->pszBackendName))
        {
            pBackend = g_apBackends[i];
            break;
        }
    }
    *ppBackend = pBackend;
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: find cache format backend.
 */
static int vdFindCacheBackend(const char *pszBackend, PCVDCACHEBACKEND *ppBackend)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PCVDCACHEBACKEND pBackend = NULL;

    if (!g_apCacheBackends)
        VDInit();

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_cCacheBackends; i++)
    {
        if (!RTStrICmp(pszBackend, g_apCacheBackends[i]->pszBackendName))
        {
            pBackend = g_apCacheBackends[i];
            break;
        }
    }
    *ppBackend = pBackend;
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: add image structure to the end of images list.
 */
static void vdAddImageToList(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIMAGE pImage)
{
    pImage->pPrev = NULL;
    pImage->pNext = NULL;

    if (pDisk->pBase)
    {
        Assert(pDisk->cImages > 0);
        pImage->pPrev = pDisk->pLast;
        pDisk->pLast->pNext = pImage;
        pDisk->pLast = pImage;
    }
    else
    {
        Assert(pDisk->cImages == 0);
        pDisk->pBase = pImage;
        pDisk->pLast = pImage;
    }

    pDisk->cImages++;
}

/**
 * internal: remove image structure from the images list.
 */
static void vdRemoveImageFromList(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIMAGE pImage)
{
    Assert(pDisk->cImages > 0);

    if (pImage->pPrev)
        pImage->pPrev->pNext = pImage->pNext;
    else
        pDisk->pBase = pImage->pNext;

    if (pImage->pNext)
        pImage->pNext->pPrev = pImage->pPrev;
    else
        pDisk->pLast = pImage->pPrev;

    pImage->pPrev = NULL;
    pImage->pNext = NULL;

    pDisk->cImages--;
}

/**
 * internal: find image by index into the images list.
 */
static PVDIMAGE vdGetImageByNumber(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage)
{
    PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pBase;
    if (nImage == VD_LAST_IMAGE)
        return pDisk->pLast;
    while (pImage && nImage)
    {
        pImage = pImage->pNext;
        nImage--;
    }
    return pImage;
}

/**
 * Initialize the structure members of a given I/O context.
 */
DECLINLINE(void) vdIoCtxInit(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, PVBOXHDD pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR enmTxDir,
                             uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbTransfer, PVDIMAGE pImageStart,
                             PCRTSGBUF pcSgBuf, void *pvAllocation,
                             PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER pfnIoCtxTransfer, uint32_t fFlags)
{
    pIoCtx->pDisk                 = pDisk;
    pIoCtx->enmTxDir              = enmTxDir;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft = cbTransfer;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset        = uOffset;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransfer     = cbTransfer;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageStart    = pImageStart;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur      = pImageStart;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbBufClear     = 0;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageParentOverride = NULL;
    pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending = 0;
    pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending = 0;
    pIoCtx->fComplete             = false;
    pIoCtx->fFlags                = fFlags;
    pIoCtx->pvAllocation          = pvAllocation;
    pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer      = pfnIoCtxTransfer;
    pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext  = NULL;
    pIoCtx->rcReq                 = VINF_SUCCESS;
    pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent          = NULL;

    /* There is no S/G list for a flush request. */
    if (   enmTxDir != VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH
        && enmTxDir != VDIOCTXTXDIR_DISCARD)
        RTSgBufClone(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, pcSgBuf);
    else
        memset(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, 0, sizeof(RTSGBUF));
}

/**
 * Internal: Tries to read the desired range from the given cache.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @retval  VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE if the block is not in the cache.
 *          pcbRead will be set to the number of bytes not in the cache.
 *          Everything thereafter might be in the cache.
 * @param   pCache   The cache to read from.
 * @param   uOffset  Offset of the virtual disk to read.
 * @param   cbRead   How much to read.
 * @param   pIoCtx   The I/O context to read into.
 * @param   pcbRead  Where to store the number of bytes actually read.
 *                   On success this indicates the number of bytes read from the cache.
 *                   If VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE is returned this gives the number of bytes
 *                   which are not in the cache.
 *                   In both cases everything beyond this value
 *                   might or might not be in the cache.
 */
static int vdCacheReadHelper(PVDCACHE pCache, uint64_t uOffset,
                             size_t cbRead, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, size_t *pcbRead)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("pCache=%#p uOffset=%llu pIoCtx=%p cbRead=%zu pcbRead=%#p\n",
                 pCache, uOffset, pIoCtx, cbRead, pcbRead));

    AssertPtr(pCache);
    AssertPtr(pcbRead);

    rc = pCache->Backend->pfnRead(pCache->pBackendData, uOffset, cbRead,
                                  pIoCtx, pcbRead);

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc pcbRead=%zu\n", rc, *pcbRead));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Internal: Writes data for the given block into the cache.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pCache     The cache to write to.
 * @param   uOffset    Offset of the virtual disk to write to the cache.
 * @param   cbWrite    How much to write.
 * @param   pIoCtx     The I/O context to ẃrite from.
 * @param   pcbWritten How much data could be written, optional.
 */
static int vdCacheWriteHelper(PVDCACHE pCache, uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbWrite,
                              PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, size_t *pcbWritten)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("pCache=%#p uOffset=%llu pIoCtx=%p cbWrite=%zu pcbWritten=%#p\n",
                 pCache, uOffset, pIoCtx, cbWrite, pcbWritten));

    AssertPtr(pCache);
    AssertPtr(pIoCtx);
    Assert(cbWrite > 0);

    if (pcbWritten)
        rc = pCache->Backend->pfnWrite(pCache->pBackendData, uOffset, cbWrite,
                                       pIoCtx, pcbWritten);
    else
    {
        size_t cbWritten = 0;

        do
        {
            rc = pCache->Backend->pfnWrite(pCache->pBackendData, uOffset, cbWrite,
                                           pIoCtx, &cbWritten);
            uOffset += cbWritten;
            cbWrite -= cbWritten;
        } while (   cbWrite
                 && (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
                     || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS));
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc pcbWritten=%zu\n",
                 rc, pcbWritten ? *pcbWritten : cbWrite));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Creates a new empty discard state.
 *
 * @returns Pointer to the new discard state or NULL if out of memory.
 */
static PVDDISCARDSTATE vdDiscardStateCreate(void)
{
    PVDDISCARDSTATE pDiscard = (PVDDISCARDSTATE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDDISCARDSTATE));

    if (pDiscard)
    {
        RTListInit(&pDiscard->ListLru);
        pDiscard->pTreeBlocks = (PAVLRU64TREE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(AVLRU64TREE));
        if (!pDiscard->pTreeBlocks)
        {
            RTMemFree(pDiscard);
            pDiscard = NULL;
        }
    }

    return pDiscard;
}

/**
 * Removes the least recently used blocks from the waiting list until
 * the new value is reached.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk              VD disk container.
 * @param   pDiscard           The discard state.
 * @param   cbDiscardingNew    How many bytes should be waiting on success.
 *                             The number of bytes waiting can be less.
 */
static int vdDiscardRemoveBlocks(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDDISCARDSTATE pDiscard, size_t cbDiscardingNew)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pDiscard=%#p cbDiscardingNew=%zu\n",
                 pDisk, pDiscard, cbDiscardingNew));

    while (pDiscard->cbDiscarding > cbDiscardingNew)
    {
        PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlock = RTListGetLast(&pDiscard->ListLru, VDDISCARDBLOCK, NodeLru);

        Assert(!RTListIsEmpty(&pDiscard->ListLru));

        /* Go over the allocation bitmap and mark all discarded sectors as unused. */
        uint64_t offStart = pBlock->Core.Key;
        uint32_t idxStart = 0;
        size_t cbLeft = pBlock->cbDiscard;
        bool fAllocated = ASMBitTest(pBlock->pbmAllocated, idxStart);
        uint32_t cSectors = pBlock->cbDiscard / 512;

        while (cbLeft > 0)
        {
            int32_t idxEnd;
            size_t cbThis = cbLeft;

            if (fAllocated)
            {
                /* Check for the first unallocated bit. */
                idxEnd = ASMBitNextClear(pBlock->pbmAllocated, cSectors, idxStart);
                if (idxEnd != -1)
                {
                    cbThis = (idxEnd - idxStart) * 512;
                    fAllocated = false;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                /* Mark as unused and check for the first set bit. */
                idxEnd = ASMBitNextSet(pBlock->pbmAllocated, cSectors, idxStart);
                if (idxEnd != -1)
                    cbThis = (idxEnd - idxStart) * 512;


                VDIOCTX IoCtx;
                vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_DISCARD, 0, 0, NULL,
                            NULL, NULL, NULL, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);
                rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnDiscard(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData,
                                                            &IoCtx, offStart, cbThis, NULL,
                                                            NULL, &cbThis, NULL,
                                                            VD_DISCARD_MARK_UNUSED);
                if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                    break;

                fAllocated = true;
            }

            idxStart  = idxEnd;
            offStart += cbThis;
            cbLeft   -= cbThis;
        }

        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlockRemove = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTAvlrU64RangeRemove(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, pBlock->Core.Key);
        Assert(pBlockRemove == pBlock);
        RTListNodeRemove(&pBlock->NodeLru);

        pDiscard->cbDiscarding -= pBlock->cbDiscard;
        RTMemFree(pBlock->pbmAllocated);
        RTMemFree(pBlock);
    }

    Assert(RT_FAILURE(rc) || pDiscard->cbDiscarding <= cbDiscardingNew);

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Destroys the current discard state, writing any waiting blocks to the image.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk    VD disk container.
 */
static int vdDiscardStateDestroy(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    if (pDisk->pDiscard)
    {
        rc = vdDiscardRemoveBlocks(pDisk, pDisk->pDiscard, 0 /* Remove all blocks. */);
        AssertRC(rc);
        RTMemFree(pDisk->pDiscard->pTreeBlocks);
        RTMemFree(pDisk->pDiscard);
        pDisk->pDiscard = NULL;
    }

    return rc;
}

/**
 * Marks the given range as allocated in the image.
 * Required if there are discards in progress and a write to a block which can get discarded
 * is written to.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk    VD container data.
 * @param   uOffset  First byte to mark as allocated.
 * @param   cbRange  Number of bytes to mark as allocated.
 */
static int vdDiscardSetRangeAllocated(PVBOXHDD pDisk, uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbRange)
{
    PVDDISCARDSTATE pDiscard = pDisk->pDiscard;
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    if (pDiscard)
    {
        do
        {
            size_t cbThisRange = cbRange;
            PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlock = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTAvlrU64RangeGet(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, uOffset);

            if (pBlock)
            {
                int32_t idxStart, idxEnd;

                Assert(!(cbThisRange % 512));
                Assert(!((uOffset - pBlock->Core.Key) % 512));

                cbThisRange = RT_MIN(cbThisRange, pBlock->Core.KeyLast - uOffset + 1);

                idxStart = (uOffset - pBlock->Core.Key) / 512;
                idxEnd = idxStart + (cbThisRange / 512);
                ASMBitSetRange(pBlock->pbmAllocated, idxStart, idxEnd);
            }
            else
            {
                pBlock = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTAvlrU64GetBestFit(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, uOffset, true);
                if (pBlock)
                    cbThisRange = RT_MIN(cbThisRange, pBlock->Core.Key - uOffset);
            }

            Assert(cbRange >= cbThisRange);

            uOffset += cbThisRange;
            cbRange -= cbThisRange;
        } while (cbRange != 0);
    }

    return rc;
}

DECLINLINE(PVDIOCTX) vdIoCtxAlloc(PVBOXHDD pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR enmTxDir,
                                  uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbTransfer,
                                  PVDIMAGE pImageStart,PCRTSGBUF pcSgBuf,
                                  void *pvAllocation, PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER pfnIoCtxTransfer,
                                  uint32_t fFlags)
{
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = NULL;

    pIoCtx = (PVDIOCTX)RTMemCacheAlloc(pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx);
    if (RT_LIKELY(pIoCtx))
    {
        vdIoCtxInit(pIoCtx, pDisk, enmTxDir, uOffset, cbTransfer, pImageStart,
                    pcSgBuf, pvAllocation, pfnIoCtxTransfer, fFlags);
    }

    return pIoCtx;
}

DECLINLINE(PVDIOCTX) vdIoCtxRootAlloc(PVBOXHDD pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR enmTxDir,
                                      uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbTransfer,
                                      PVDIMAGE pImageStart, PCRTSGBUF pcSgBuf,
                                      PFNVDASYNCTRANSFERCOMPLETE pfnComplete,
                                      void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2,
                                      void *pvAllocation,
                                      PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER pfnIoCtxTransfer,
                                      uint32_t fFlags)
{
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = vdIoCtxAlloc(pDisk, enmTxDir, uOffset, cbTransfer, pImageStart,
                                   pcSgBuf, pvAllocation, pfnIoCtxTransfer, fFlags);

    if (RT_LIKELY(pIoCtx))
    {
        pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent          = NULL;
        pIoCtx->Type.Root.pfnComplete = pfnComplete;
        pIoCtx->Type.Root.pvUser1     = pvUser1;
        pIoCtx->Type.Root.pvUser2     = pvUser2;
    }

    LogFlow(("Allocated root I/O context %#p\n", pIoCtx));
    return pIoCtx;
}

DECLINLINE(PVDIOCTX) vdIoCtxDiscardAlloc(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PCRTRANGE paRanges,
                                         unsigned cRanges,
                                         PFNVDASYNCTRANSFERCOMPLETE pfnComplete,
                                         void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2,
                                         void *pvAllocation,
                                         PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER pfnIoCtxTransfer,
                                         uint32_t fFlags)
{
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = NULL;

    pIoCtx = (PVDIOCTX)RTMemCacheAlloc(pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx);
    if (RT_LIKELY(pIoCtx))
    {
        pIoCtx->pIoCtxNext                = NULL;
        pIoCtx->pDisk                     = pDisk;
        pIoCtx->enmTxDir                  = VDIOCTXTXDIR_DISCARD;
        pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending     = 0;
        pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending     = 0;
        pIoCtx->fComplete                 = false;
        pIoCtx->fFlags                    = fFlags;
        pIoCtx->pvAllocation              = pvAllocation;
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer          = pfnIoCtxTransfer;
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext      = NULL;
        pIoCtx->rcReq                     = VINF_SUCCESS;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.paRanges      = paRanges;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cRanges       = cRanges;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.idxRange      = 0;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft = 0;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.offCur        = 0;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbThisDiscard = 0;

        pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent          = NULL;
        pIoCtx->Type.Root.pfnComplete = pfnComplete;
        pIoCtx->Type.Root.pvUser1     = pvUser1;
        pIoCtx->Type.Root.pvUser2     = pvUser2;
    }

    LogFlow(("Allocated discard I/O context %#p\n", pIoCtx));
    return pIoCtx;
}

DECLINLINE(PVDIOCTX) vdIoCtxChildAlloc(PVBOXHDD pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR enmTxDir,
                                       uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbTransfer,
                                       PVDIMAGE pImageStart, PCRTSGBUF pcSgBuf,
                                       PVDIOCTX pIoCtxParent, size_t cbTransferParent,
                                       size_t cbWriteParent, void *pvAllocation,
                                       PFNVDIOCTXTRANSFER pfnIoCtxTransfer)
{
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = vdIoCtxAlloc(pDisk, enmTxDir, uOffset, cbTransfer, pImageStart,
                                   pcSgBuf, pvAllocation, pfnIoCtxTransfer, pIoCtxParent->fFlags & ~VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_FREE);

    AssertPtr(pIoCtxParent);
    Assert(!pIoCtxParent->pIoCtxParent);

    if (RT_LIKELY(pIoCtx))
    {
        pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent                   = pIoCtxParent;
        pIoCtx->Type.Child.uOffsetSaved        = uOffset;
        pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferLeftSaved = cbTransfer;
        pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent    = cbTransferParent;
        pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbWriteParent       = cbWriteParent;
    }

    LogFlow(("Allocated child I/O context %#p\n", pIoCtx));
    return pIoCtx;
}

DECLINLINE(PVDIOTASK) vdIoTaskUserAlloc(PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete, void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, uint32_t cbTransfer)
{
    PVDIOTASK pIoTask = NULL;

    pIoTask = (PVDIOTASK)RTMemCacheAlloc(pIoStorage->pVDIo->pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask);
    if (pIoTask)
    {
        pIoTask->pIoStorage           = pIoStorage;
        pIoTask->pfnComplete          = pfnComplete;
        pIoTask->pvUser               = pvUser;
        pIoTask->fMeta                = false;
        pIoTask->Type.User.cbTransfer = cbTransfer;
        pIoTask->Type.User.pIoCtx     = pIoCtx;
    }

    return pIoTask;
}

DECLINLINE(PVDIOTASK) vdIoTaskMetaAlloc(PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete, void *pvUser, PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer)
{
    PVDIOTASK pIoTask = NULL;

    pIoTask = (PVDIOTASK)RTMemCacheAlloc(pIoStorage->pVDIo->pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask);
    if (pIoTask)
    {
        pIoTask->pIoStorage          = pIoStorage;
        pIoTask->pfnComplete         = pfnComplete;
        pIoTask->pvUser              = pvUser;
        pIoTask->fMeta               = true;
        pIoTask->Type.Meta.pMetaXfer = pMetaXfer;
    }

    return pIoTask;
}

DECLINLINE(void) vdIoCtxFree(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    Log(("Freeing I/O context %#p\n", pIoCtx));

    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_FREE))
    {
        if (pIoCtx->pvAllocation)
            RTMemFree(pIoCtx->pvAllocation);
#ifdef DEBUG
        memset(&pIoCtx->pDisk, 0xff, sizeof(void *));
#endif
        RTMemCacheFree(pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx, pIoCtx);
    }
}

DECLINLINE(void) vdIoTaskFree(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOTASK pIoTask)
{
//#ifdef DEBUG
    memset(pIoTask, 0xff, sizeof(VDIOTASK));
//#endif
    RTMemCacheFree(pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask, pIoTask);
}

DECLINLINE(void) vdIoCtxChildReset(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    AssertPtr(pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent);

    RTSgBufReset(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf);
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset        = pIoCtx->Type.Child.uOffsetSaved;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferLeftSaved;
}

DECLINLINE(PVDMETAXFER) vdMetaXferAlloc(PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, uint64_t uOffset, size_t cb)
{
    PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer = (PVDMETAXFER)RTMemAlloc(RT_OFFSETOF(VDMETAXFER, abData[cb]));

    if (RT_LIKELY(pMetaXfer))
    {
        pMetaXfer->Core.Key     = uOffset;
        pMetaXfer->Core.KeyLast = uOffset + cb - 1;
        pMetaXfer->fFlags       = VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE;
        pMetaXfer->cbMeta       = cb;
        pMetaXfer->pIoStorage   = pIoStorage;
        pMetaXfer->cRefs        = 0;
        RTListInit(&pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting);
    }
    return pMetaXfer;
}

DECLINLINE(void) vdIoCtxAddToWaitingList(volatile PVDIOCTX *ppList, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    /* Put it on the waiting list. */
    PVDIOCTX pNext = ASMAtomicUoReadPtrT(ppList, PVDIOCTX);
    PVDIOCTX pHeadOld;
    pIoCtx->pIoCtxNext = pNext;
    while (!ASMAtomicCmpXchgExPtr(ppList, pIoCtx, pNext, &pHeadOld))
    {
        pNext = pHeadOld;
        Assert(pNext != pIoCtx);
        pIoCtx->pIoCtxNext = pNext;
        ASMNopPause();
    }
}

DECLINLINE(void) vdIoCtxDefer(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    LogFlowFunc(("Deferring write pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    Assert(!pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent && !(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED));
    pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;
    vdIoCtxAddToWaitingList(&pDisk->pIoCtxBlockedHead, pIoCtx);
}

static size_t vdIoCtxCopy(PVDIOCTX pIoCtxDst, PVDIOCTX pIoCtxSrc, size_t cbData)
{
    return RTSgBufCopy(&pIoCtxDst->Req.Io.SgBuf, &pIoCtxSrc->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbData);
}

static int vdIoCtxCmp(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx1, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx2, size_t cbData)
{
    return RTSgBufCmp(&pIoCtx1->Req.Io.SgBuf, &pIoCtx2->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbData);
}

static size_t vdIoCtxCopyTo(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, const uint8_t *pbData, size_t cbData)
{
    return RTSgBufCopyFromBuf(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, pbData, cbData);
}

static size_t vdIoCtxCopyFrom(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, uint8_t *pbData, size_t cbData)
{
    return RTSgBufCopyToBuf(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, pbData, cbData);
}

static size_t vdIoCtxSet(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, uint8_t ch, size_t cbData)
{
    return RTSgBufSet(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, ch, cbData);
}

/**
 * Process the I/O context, core method which assumes that the I/O context
 * acquired the lock.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pIoCtx    I/O context to process.
 */
static int vdIoCtxProcessLocked(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pIoCtx->pDisk);

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    if (   !pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending
        && !pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending
        && !pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer)
    {
        rc = VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED;
        goto out;
    }

    /*
     * We complete the I/O context in case of an error
     * if there is no I/O task pending.
     */
    if (   RT_FAILURE(pIoCtx->rcReq)
        && !pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending
        && !pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending)
    {
        rc = VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED;
        goto out;
    }

    /* Don't change anything if there is a metadata transfer pending or we are blocked. */
    if (   pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending
        || (pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED))
    {
        rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
        goto out;
    }

    if (pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer)
    {
        /* Call the transfer function advancing to the next while there is no error. */
        while (   pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer
               && !pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending
               && RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            LogFlowFunc(("calling transfer function %#p\n", pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer));
            rc = pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer(pIoCtx);

            /* Advance to the next part of the transfer if the current one succeeded. */
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer = pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext;
                pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = NULL;
            }
        }
    }

    if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
        && !pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending
        && !pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending)
        rc = VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED;
    else if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
             || rc == VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA
             || rc == VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
        rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
    else if (RT_FAILURE(rc) && (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS))
    {
        ASMAtomicCmpXchgS32(&pIoCtx->rcReq, rc, VINF_SUCCESS);
        /*
         * The I/O context completed if we have an error and there is no data
         * or meta data transfer pending.
         */
        if (   !pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending
            && !pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending)
            rc = VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED;
        else
            rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
    }

out:
    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p rc=%Rrc cDataTransfersPending=%u cMetaTransfersPending=%u fComplete=%RTbool\n",
                 pIoCtx, rc, pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending, pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending,
                 pIoCtx->fComplete));

    return rc;
}

/**
 * Processes the list of waiting I/O contexts.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk    The disk structure.
 * @param   pIoCtxRc An I/O context handle which waits on the list. When processed
 *                   The status code is returned. NULL if there is no I/O context
 *                   to return the status code for.
 */
static int vdDiskProcessWaitingIoCtx(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtxRc)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pIoCtxRc=%#p\n", pDisk, pIoCtxRc));

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    /* Get the waiting list and process it in FIFO order. */
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtxHead = ASMAtomicXchgPtrT(&pDisk->pIoCtxHead, NULL, PVDIOCTX);

    /* Reverse it. */
    PVDIOCTX pCur = pIoCtxHead;
    pIoCtxHead = NULL;
    while (pCur)
    {
        PVDIOCTX pInsert = pCur;
        pCur = pCur->pIoCtxNext;
        pInsert->pIoCtxNext = pIoCtxHead;
        pIoCtxHead = pInsert;
    }

    /* Process now. */
    pCur = pIoCtxHead;
    while (pCur)
    {
        int rcTmp;
        PVDIOCTX pTmp = pCur;

        pCur = pCur->pIoCtxNext;
        pTmp->pIoCtxNext = NULL;

        /*
         * Need to clear the sync flag here if there is a new I/O context
         * with it set and the context is not given in pIoCtxRc.
         * This happens most likely on a different thread and that one shouldn't
         * process the context synchronously.
         *
         * The thread who issued the context will wait on the event semaphore
         * anyway which is signalled when the completion handler is called.
         */
        if (   pTmp->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC
            && pTmp != pIoCtxRc)
            pTmp->fFlags &= ~VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC;

        rcTmp = vdIoCtxProcessLocked(pTmp);
        if (pTmp == pIoCtxRc)
        {
            /* The given I/O context was processed, pass the return code to the caller. */
            rc = rcTmp;
        }
        else if (   rcTmp == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
                 && ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pTmp->fComplete, true, false))
        {
            LogFlowFunc(("Waiting I/O context completed pTmp=%#p\n", pTmp));
            vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
            pTmp->Type.Root.pfnComplete(pTmp->Type.Root.pvUser1,
                                        pTmp->Type.Root.pvUser2,
                                        pTmp->rcReq);
            vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pTmp);
        }
    }

    /*
     * vdIoCtxProcessLocked() never returns VINF_SUCCESS.
     * If the status code is still set and a valid I/O context was given
     * it was not found on the list (another thread cleared it already).
     * Return I/O in progress status code in that case.
     */
    if (rc == VINF_SUCCESS && pIoCtxRc)
        rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Processes the list of blocked I/O contexts.
 *
 * @returns nothing.
 * @param   pDisk    The disk structure.
 */
static void vdDiskProcessBlockedIoCtx(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    /* Get the waiting list and process it in FIFO order. */
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtxHead = ASMAtomicXchgPtrT(&pDisk->pIoCtxBlockedHead, NULL, PVDIOCTX);

    /* Reverse it. */
    PVDIOCTX pCur = pIoCtxHead;
    pIoCtxHead = NULL;
    while (pCur)
    {
        PVDIOCTX pInsert = pCur;
        pCur = pCur->pIoCtxNext;
        pInsert->pIoCtxNext = pIoCtxHead;
        pIoCtxHead = pInsert;
    }

    /* Process now. */
    pCur = pIoCtxHead;
    while (pCur)
    {
        int rc;
        PVDIOCTX pTmp = pCur;

        pCur = pCur->pIoCtxNext;
        pTmp->pIoCtxNext = NULL;

        Assert(!pTmp->pIoCtxParent);
        Assert(pTmp->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED);
        pTmp->fFlags &= ~VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;

        rc = vdIoCtxProcessLocked(pTmp);
        if (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
            && ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pTmp->fComplete, true, false))
        {
            LogFlowFunc(("Waiting I/O context completed pTmp=%#p\n", pTmp));
            vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
            pTmp->Type.Root.pfnComplete(pTmp->Type.Root.pvUser1,
                                        pTmp->Type.Root.pvUser2,
                                        pTmp->rcReq);
            vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pTmp);
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns\n"));
}

/**
 * Processes the I/O context trying to lock the criticial section.
 * The context is deferred if the critical section is busy.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pIoCtx    The I/O context to process.
 */
static int vdIoCtxProcessTryLockDefer(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;

    Log(("Defer pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    /* Put it on the waiting list first. */
    vdIoCtxAddToWaitingList(&pDisk->pIoCtxHead, pIoCtx);

    if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pDisk->fLocked, true, false))
    {
        /* Leave it again, the context will be processed just before leaving the lock. */
        LogFlowFunc(("Successfully acquired the lock\n"));
        rc = vdDiskUnlock(pDisk, pIoCtx);
    }
    else
    {
        LogFlowFunc(("Lock is held\n"));
        rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
    }

    return rc;
}

/**
 * Process the I/O context in a synchronous manner, waiting
 * for it to complete.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code of the completed request.
 * @param   pIoCtx    The sync I/O context.
 */
static int vdIoCtxProcessSync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%p\n", pIoCtx));

    AssertMsg(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC,
              ("I/O context is not marked as synchronous\n"));

    rc = vdIoCtxProcessTryLockDefer(pIoCtx);
    if (rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED)
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
    {
        rc = RTSemEventWait(pDisk->hEventSemSyncIo, RT_INDEFINITE_WAIT);
        AssertRC(rc);

        rc = pDisk->rcSync;
    }
    else /* Success or error. */
        vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);

    return rc;
}

DECLINLINE(bool) vdIoCtxIsDiskLockOwner(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    return pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner == pIoCtx;
}

static int vdIoCtxLockDisk(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pIoCtx=%#p\n", pDisk, pIoCtx));

    if (!ASMAtomicCmpXchgPtr(&pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner, pIoCtx, NIL_VDIOCTX))
    {
        Assert(pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner != pIoCtx); /* No nesting allowed. */
        vdIoCtxDefer(pDisk, pIoCtx);
        rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns -> %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

static void vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, bool fProcessBlockedReqs)
{
    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pIoCtx=%#p fProcessBlockedReqs=%RTbool\n",
                 pDisk, pIoCtx, fProcessBlockedReqs));

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    LogFlow(("Unlocking disk lock owner is %#p\n", pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner));
    Assert(pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner == pIoCtx);
    ASMAtomicXchgPtrT(&pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner, NIL_VDIOCTX, PVDIOCTX);

    if (fProcessBlockedReqs)
    {
        /* Process any blocked writes if the current request didn't caused another growing. */
        vdDiskProcessBlockedIoCtx(pDisk);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns\n"));
}

/**
 * Internal: Reads a given amount of data from the image chain of the disk.
 **/
static int vdDiskReadHelper(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIMAGE pImage, PVDIMAGE pImageParentOverride,
                            uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbRead, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, size_t *pcbThisRead)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    size_t cbThisRead = cbRead;

    AssertPtr(pcbThisRead);

    *pcbThisRead = 0;

    /*
     * Try to read from the given image.
     * If the block is not allocated read from override chain if present.
     */
    rc = pImage->Backend->pfnRead(pImage->pBackendData,
                                  uOffset, cbThisRead, pIoCtx,
                                  &cbThisRead);

    if (rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
    {
        for (PVDIMAGE pCurrImage = pImageParentOverride ? pImageParentOverride : pImage->pPrev;
             pCurrImage != NULL && rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE;
             pCurrImage = pCurrImage->pPrev)
        {
            rc = pCurrImage->Backend->pfnRead(pCurrImage->pBackendData,
                                              uOffset, cbThisRead, pIoCtx,
                                              &cbThisRead);
        }
    }

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) || rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
        *pcbThisRead = cbThisRead;

    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: read the specified amount of data in whatever blocks the backend
 * will give us - async version.
 */
static int vdReadHelperAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk                = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    size_t cbToRead               = pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransfer;
    uint64_t uOffset              = pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset;
    PVDIMAGE pCurrImage           = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur;
    PVDIMAGE pImageParentOverride = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageParentOverride;
    unsigned cImagesRead          = pIoCtx->Req.Io.cImagesRead;
    size_t cbThisRead;

    /* Loop until all reads started or we have a backend which needs to read metadata. */
    do
    {
        /* Search for image with allocated block. Do not attempt to read more
         * than the previous reads marked as valid. Otherwise this would return
         * stale data when different block sizes are used for the images. */
        cbThisRead = cbToRead;

        if (   pDisk->pCache
            && !pImageParentOverride)
        {
            rc = vdCacheReadHelper(pDisk->pCache, uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                   pIoCtx, &cbThisRead);
            if (rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
            {
                rc = vdDiskReadHelper(pDisk, pCurrImage, NULL, uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                      pIoCtx, &cbThisRead);

                /* If the read was successful, write the data back into the cache. */
                if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
                    && pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_READ_UPDATE_CACHE)
                {
                    rc = vdCacheWriteHelper(pDisk->pCache, uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                            pIoCtx, NULL);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {

            /*
             * Try to read from the given image.
             * If the block is not allocated read from override chain if present.
             */
            rc = pCurrImage->Backend->pfnRead(pCurrImage->pBackendData,
                                              uOffset, cbThisRead, pIoCtx,
                                              &cbThisRead);

            if (   rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE
                && cImagesRead != 1)
            {
                unsigned cImagesToProcess = cImagesRead;

                pCurrImage = pImageParentOverride ? pImageParentOverride : pCurrImage->pPrev;
                pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageParentOverride = NULL;

                while (pCurrImage && rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
                {
                    rc = pCurrImage->Backend->pfnRead(pCurrImage->pBackendData,
                                                      uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                                      pIoCtx, &cbThisRead);
                    if (cImagesToProcess == 1)
                        break;
                    else if (cImagesToProcess > 0)
                        cImagesToProcess--;

                    if (rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
                        pCurrImage = pCurrImage->pPrev;
                }
            }
        }

        /* The task state will be updated on success already, don't do it here!. */
        if (rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
        {
            /* No image in the chain contains the data for the block. */
            ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbThisRead);

            /* Fill the free space with 0 if we are told to do so
             * or a previous read returned valid data. */
            if (pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS)
                vdIoCtxSet(pIoCtx, '\0', cbThisRead);
            else
                pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbBufClear += cbThisRead;

            if (pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur->uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFORM_ABOUT_ZERO_BLOCKS)
                rc = VINF_VD_NEW_ZEROED_BLOCK;
            else
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
        }
        else if (rc == VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
        {
            uOffset  += cbThisRead;
            cbToRead -= cbThisRead;
            pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;
        }
        else if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
                 || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
        {
            /* First not free block, fill the space before with 0. */
            if (   pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbBufClear
                && !(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS))
            {
                RTSGBUF SgBuf;
                RTSgBufClone(&SgBuf, &pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf);
                RTSgBufReset(&SgBuf);
                RTSgBufSet(&SgBuf, 0, pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbBufClear);
                pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbBufClear = 0;
                pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS;
            }
            rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        cbToRead -= cbThisRead;
        uOffset  += cbThisRead;
        pCurrImage = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageStart; /* Start with the highest image in the chain. */
    } while (cbToRead != 0 && RT_SUCCESS(rc));

    if (   rc == VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA
        || rc == VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
    {
        /* Save the current state. */
        pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset    = uOffset;
        pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransfer = cbToRead;
        pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur  = pCurrImage ? pCurrImage : pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageStart;
    }

    return (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS))
           ? VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE
           : rc;
}

/**
 * internal: parent image read wrapper for compacting.
 */
static int vdParentRead(void *pvUser, uint64_t uOffset, void *pvBuf,
                        size_t cbRead)
{
    PVDPARENTSTATEDESC pParentState = (PVDPARENTSTATEDESC)pvUser;

    /** @todo
     * Only used for compaction so far which is not possible to mix with async I/O.
     * Needs to be changed if we want to support online compaction of images.
     */
    bool fLocked = ASMAtomicXchgBool(&pParentState->pDisk->fLocked, true);
    AssertMsgReturn(!fLocked,
                    ("Calling synchronous parent read while another thread holds the disk lock\n"),
                    VERR_VD_INVALID_STATE);

    /* Fake an I/O context. */
    RTSGSEG Segment;
    RTSGBUF SgBuf;
    VDIOCTX IoCtx;

    Segment.pvSeg = pvBuf;
    Segment.cbSeg = cbRead;
    RTSgBufInit(&SgBuf, &Segment, 1);
    vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pParentState->pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ, uOffset, cbRead, pParentState->pImage,
                &SgBuf, NULL, NULL, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);
    int rc = vdReadHelperAsync(&IoCtx);
    ASMAtomicXchgBool(&pParentState->pDisk->fLocked, false);
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Extended version of vdReadHelper(), implementing certain optimizations
 * for image cloning.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk                   The disk to read from.
 * @param   pImage                  The image to start reading from.
 * @param   pImageParentOverride    The parent image to read from
 *                                  if the starting image returns a free block.
 *                                  If NULL is passed the real parent of the image
 *                                  in the chain is used.
 * @param   uOffset                 Offset in the disk to start reading from.
 * @param   pvBuf                   Where to store the read data.
 * @param   cbRead                  How much to read.
 * @param   fZeroFreeBlocks         Flag whether free blocks should be zeroed.
 *                                  If false and no image has data for sepcified
 *                                  range VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE is returned.
 *                                  Note that unallocated blocks are still zeroed
 *                                  if at least one image has valid data for a part
 *                                  of the range.
 * @param   fUpdateCache            Flag whether to update the attached cache if
 *                                  available.
 * @param   cImagesRead             Number of images in the chain to read until
 *                                  the read is cut off. A value of 0 disables the cut off.
 */
static int vdReadHelperEx(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIMAGE pImage, PVDIMAGE pImageParentOverride,
                          uint64_t uOffset, void *pvBuf, size_t cbRead,
                          bool fZeroFreeBlocks, bool fUpdateCache, unsigned cImagesRead)
{
    uint32_t fFlags = VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC | VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_FREE;
    RTSGSEG Segment;
    RTSGBUF SgBuf;
    VDIOCTX IoCtx;

    if (fZeroFreeBlocks)
        fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS;
    if (fUpdateCache)
        fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_READ_UPDATE_CACHE;

    Segment.pvSeg = pvBuf;
    Segment.cbSeg = cbRead;
    RTSgBufInit(&SgBuf, &Segment, 1);
    vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ, uOffset, cbRead, pImage, &SgBuf,
                NULL, vdReadHelperAsync, fFlags);

    IoCtx.Req.Io.pImageParentOverride = pImageParentOverride;
    IoCtx.Req.Io.cImagesRead = cImagesRead;
    IoCtx.Type.Root.pfnComplete = vdIoCtxSyncComplete;
    IoCtx.Type.Root.pvUser1     = pDisk;
    IoCtx.Type.Root.pvUser2     = NULL;
    return vdIoCtxProcessSync(&IoCtx);
}

/**
 * internal: read the specified amount of data in whatever blocks the backend
 * will give us.
 */
static int vdReadHelper(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIMAGE pImage, uint64_t uOffset,
                        void *pvBuf, size_t cbRead, bool fUpdateCache)
{
    return vdReadHelperEx(pDisk, pImage, NULL, uOffset, pvBuf, cbRead,
                          true /* fZeroFreeBlocks */, fUpdateCache, 0);
}

/**
 * internal: mark the disk as not modified.
 */
static void vdResetModifiedFlag(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    if (pDisk->uModified & VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FLAG)
    {
        /* generate new last-modified uuid */
        if (!(pDisk->uModified & VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_DISABLE_UUID_UPDATE))
        {
            RTUUID Uuid;

            RTUuidCreate(&Uuid);
            pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnSetModificationUuid(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData,
                                                          &Uuid);

            if (pDisk->pCache)
                pDisk->pCache->Backend->pfnSetModificationUuid(pDisk->pCache->pBackendData,
                                                               &Uuid);
        }

        pDisk->uModified &= ~VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FLAG;
    }
}

/**
 * internal: mark the disk as modified.
 */
static void vdSetModifiedFlag(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    pDisk->uModified |= VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FLAG;
    if (pDisk->uModified & VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST)
    {
        pDisk->uModified &= ~VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST;

        /* First modify, so create a UUID and ensure it's written to disk. */
        vdResetModifiedFlag(pDisk);

        if (!(pDisk->uModified & VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_DISABLE_UUID_UPDATE))
        {
            VDIOCTX IoCtx;
            vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH, 0, 0, NULL,
                        NULL, NULL, NULL, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);
            pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnFlush(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData, &IoCtx);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * internal: write buffer to the image, taking care of block boundaries and
 * write optimizations.
 */
static int vdWriteHelperEx(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIMAGE pImage,
                           PVDIMAGE pImageParentOverride, uint64_t uOffset,
                           const void *pvBuf, size_t cbWrite,
                           uint32_t fFlags, unsigned cImagesRead)
{
    RTSGSEG Segment;
    RTSGBUF SgBuf;
    VDIOCTX IoCtx;

    fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC | VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_FREE;

    Segment.pvSeg = (void *)pvBuf;
    Segment.cbSeg = cbWrite;
    RTSgBufInit(&SgBuf, &Segment, 1);
    vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_WRITE, uOffset, cbWrite, pImage, &SgBuf,
                NULL, vdWriteHelperAsync, fFlags);

    IoCtx.Req.Io.pImageParentOverride = pImageParentOverride;
    IoCtx.Req.Io.cImagesRead = cImagesRead;
    IoCtx.pIoCtxParent          = NULL;
    IoCtx.Type.Root.pfnComplete = vdIoCtxSyncComplete;
    IoCtx.Type.Root.pvUser1     = pDisk;
    IoCtx.Type.Root.pvUser2     = NULL;
    return vdIoCtxProcessSync(&IoCtx);
}

/**
 * internal: write buffer to the image, taking care of block boundaries and
 * write optimizations.
 */
static int vdWriteHelper(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIMAGE pImage, uint64_t uOffset,
                         const void *pvBuf, size_t cbWrite, uint32_t fFlags)
{
    return vdWriteHelperEx(pDisk, pImage, NULL, uOffset, pvBuf, cbWrite,
                           fFlags, 0);
}

/**
 * Internal: Copies the content of one disk to another one applying optimizations
 * to speed up the copy process if possible.
 */
static int vdCopyHelper(PVBOXHDD pDiskFrom, PVDIMAGE pImageFrom, PVBOXHDD pDiskTo,
                        uint64_t cbSize, unsigned cImagesFromRead, unsigned cImagesToRead,
                        bool fSuppressRedundantIo, PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress,
                        PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pDstIfProgress)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    uint64_t uOffset = 0;
    uint64_t cbRemaining = cbSize;
    void *pvBuf = NULL;
    bool fLockReadFrom = false;
    bool fLockWriteTo = false;
    bool fBlockwiseCopy = fSuppressRedundantIo || (cImagesFromRead > 0);
    unsigned uProgressOld = 0;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDiskFrom=%#p pImageFrom=%#p pDiskTo=%#p cbSize=%llu cImagesFromRead=%u cImagesToRead=%u fSuppressRedundantIo=%RTbool pIfProgress=%#p pDstIfProgress=%#p\n",
                 pDiskFrom, pImageFrom, pDiskTo, cbSize, cImagesFromRead, cImagesToRead, fSuppressRedundantIo, pDstIfProgress, pDstIfProgress));

    /* Allocate tmp buffer. */
    pvBuf = RTMemTmpAlloc(VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE);
    if (!pvBuf)
        return rc;

    do
    {
        size_t cbThisRead = RT_MIN(VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE, cbRemaining);

        /* Note that we don't attempt to synchronize cross-disk accesses.
         * It wouldn't be very difficult to do, just the lock order would
         * need to be defined somehow to prevent deadlocks. Postpone such
         * magic as there is no use case for this. */

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDiskFrom);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockReadFrom = true;

        if (fBlockwiseCopy)
        {
            RTSGSEG SegmentBuf;
            RTSGBUF SgBuf;
            VDIOCTX IoCtx;

            SegmentBuf.pvSeg = pvBuf;
            SegmentBuf.cbSeg = VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE;
            RTSgBufInit(&SgBuf, &SegmentBuf, 1);
            vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pDiskFrom, VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ, 0, 0, NULL,
                        &SgBuf, NULL, NULL, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);

            /* Read the source data. */
            rc = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnRead(pImageFrom->pBackendData,
                                              uOffset, cbThisRead, &IoCtx,
                                              &cbThisRead);

            if (   rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE
                && cImagesFromRead != 1)
            {
                unsigned cImagesToProcess = cImagesFromRead;

                for (PVDIMAGE pCurrImage = pImageFrom->pPrev;
                     pCurrImage != NULL && rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE;
                     pCurrImage = pCurrImage->pPrev)
                {
                    rc = pCurrImage->Backend->pfnRead(pCurrImage->pBackendData,
                                                           uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                                           &IoCtx, &cbThisRead);
                    if (cImagesToProcess == 1)
                        break;
                    else if (cImagesToProcess > 0)
                        cImagesToProcess--;
                }
            }
        }
        else
            rc = vdReadHelper(pDiskFrom, pImageFrom, uOffset, pvBuf, cbThisRead,
                              false /* fUpdateCache */);

        if (RT_FAILURE(rc) && rc != VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
            break;

        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDiskFrom);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockReadFrom = false;

        if (rc != VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
        {
            rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDiskTo);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            fLockWriteTo = true;

            /* Only do collapsed I/O if we are copying the data blockwise. */
            rc = vdWriteHelperEx(pDiskTo, pDiskTo->pLast, NULL, uOffset, pvBuf,
                                 cbThisRead, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_SET_MODIFIED_FLAG /* fFlags */,
                                 fBlockwiseCopy ? cImagesToRead : 0);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;

            rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDiskTo);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            fLockWriteTo = false;
        }
        else /* Don't propagate the error to the outside */
            rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

        uOffset += cbThisRead;
        cbRemaining -= cbThisRead;

        unsigned uProgressNew = uOffset * 99 / cbSize;
        if (uProgressNew != uProgressOld)
        {
            uProgressOld = uProgressNew;

            if (pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
            {
                rc = pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser,
                                              uProgressOld);
                if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                    break;
            }
            if (pDstIfProgress && pDstIfProgress->pfnProgress)
            {
                rc = pDstIfProgress->pfnProgress(pDstIfProgress->Core.pvUser,
                                                 uProgressOld);
                if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                    break;
            }
        }
    } while (uOffset < cbSize);

    RTMemFree(pvBuf);

    if (fLockReadFrom)
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDiskFrom);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (fLockWriteTo)
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDiskTo);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Flush helper async version.
 */
static int vdSetModifiedHelperAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    PVDIMAGE pImage = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur;

    rc = pImage->Backend->pfnFlush(pImage->pBackendData, pIoCtx);
    if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: mark the disk as modified - async version.
 */
static int vdSetModifiedFlagAsync(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    pDisk->uModified |= VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FLAG;
    if (pDisk->uModified & VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST)
    {
        rc = vdIoCtxLockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            pDisk->uModified &= ~VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST;

            /* First modify, so create a UUID and ensure it's written to disk. */
            vdResetModifiedFlag(pDisk);

            if (!(pDisk->uModified & VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_DISABLE_UUID_UPDATE))
            {
                PVDIOCTX pIoCtxFlush = vdIoCtxChildAlloc(pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH,
                                                         0, 0, pDisk->pLast,
                                                         NULL, pIoCtx, 0, 0, NULL,
                                                         vdSetModifiedHelperAsync);

                if (pIoCtxFlush)
                {
                    rc = vdIoCtxProcessLocked(pIoCtxFlush);
                    if (rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED)
                    {
                        vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx, false /* fProcessDeferredReqs */);
                        vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtxFlush);
                    }
                    else if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
                    {
                        ASMAtomicIncU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);
                        pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;
                    }
                    else /* Another error */
                        vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtxFlush);
                }
                else
                    rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            }
        }
    }

    return rc;
}

static int vdWriteHelperCommitAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc             = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDIMAGE pImage    = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageStart;
    size_t cbPreRead   = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPreRead;
    size_t cbPostRead  = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPostRead;
    size_t cbThisWrite = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));
    rc = pImage->Backend->pfnWrite(pImage->pBackendData,
                                   pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset - cbPreRead,
                                   cbPreRead + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead,
                                   pIoCtx, NULL, &cbPreRead, &cbPostRead, 0);
    Assert(rc != VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE);
    Assert(rc == VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA || cbPreRead == 0);
    Assert(rc == VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA || cbPostRead == 0);
    if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    else if (rc == VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
    {
        pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

static int vdWriteHelperOptimizedCmpAndWriteAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDIMAGE pImage       = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur;
    size_t cbThisWrite    = 0;
    size_t cbPreRead      = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPreRead;
    size_t cbPostRead     = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPostRead;
    size_t cbWriteCopy    = pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbWriteCopy;
    size_t cbFill         = pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbFill;
    size_t cbReadImage    = pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbReadImage;
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtxParent = pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    AssertPtr(pIoCtxParent);
    Assert(!pIoCtxParent->pIoCtxParent);
    Assert(!pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft && !pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending);

    vdIoCtxChildReset(pIoCtx);
    cbThisWrite = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent;
    RTSgBufAdvance(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbPreRead);

    /* Check if the write would modify anything in this block. */
    if (!RTSgBufCmp(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, &pIoCtxParent->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbThisWrite))
    {
        RTSGBUF SgBufSrcTmp;

        RTSgBufClone(&SgBufSrcTmp, &pIoCtxParent->Req.Io.SgBuf);
        RTSgBufAdvance(&SgBufSrcTmp, cbThisWrite);
        RTSgBufAdvance(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbThisWrite);

        if (!cbWriteCopy || !RTSgBufCmp(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, &SgBufSrcTmp, cbWriteCopy))
        {
            /* Block is completely unchanged, so no need to write anything. */
            LogFlowFunc(("Block didn't changed\n"));
            ASMAtomicWriteU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, 0);
            RTSgBufAdvance(&pIoCtxParent->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbThisWrite);
            return VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED;
        }
    }

    /* Copy the data to the right place in the buffer. */
    RTSgBufReset(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf);
    RTSgBufAdvance(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbPreRead);
    vdIoCtxCopy(pIoCtx, pIoCtxParent, cbThisWrite);

    /* Handle the data that goes after the write to fill the block. */
    if (cbPostRead)
    {
        /* Now assemble the remaining data. */
        if (cbWriteCopy)
        {
            /*
             * The S/G buffer of the parent needs to be cloned because
             * it is not allowed to modify the state.
             */
            RTSGBUF SgBufParentTmp;

            RTSgBufClone(&SgBufParentTmp, &pIoCtxParent->Req.Io.SgBuf);
            RTSgBufCopy(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, &SgBufParentTmp, cbWriteCopy);
        }

        /* Zero out the remainder of this block. Will never be visible, as this
         * is beyond the limit of the image. */
        if (cbFill)
        {
            RTSgBufAdvance(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbReadImage);
            vdIoCtxSet(pIoCtx, '\0', cbFill);
        }
    }

    /* Write the full block to the virtual disk. */
    RTSgBufReset(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf);
    pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperCommitAsync;

    return rc;
}

static int vdWriteHelperOptimizedPreReadAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS;

    if (pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft)
        rc = vdReadHelperAsync(pIoCtx);

    if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
        && (   pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft
            || pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending))
        rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
     else
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperOptimizedCmpAndWriteAsync;

    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: write a complete block (only used for diff images), taking the
 * remaining data from parent images. This implementation optimizes out writes
 * that do not change the data relative to the state as of the parent images.
 * All backends which support differential/growing images support this - async version.
 */
static int vdWriteHelperOptimizedAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    uint64_t uOffset   = pIoCtx->Type.Child.uOffsetSaved;
    size_t cbThisWrite = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent;
    size_t cbPreRead   = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPreRead;
    size_t cbPostRead  = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPostRead;
    size_t cbWrite     = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbWriteParent;
    size_t cbFill = 0;
    size_t cbWriteCopy = 0;
    size_t cbReadImage = 0;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    AssertPtr(pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent);
    Assert(!pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent->pIoCtxParent);

    if (cbPostRead)
    {
        /* Figure out how much we cannot read from the image, because
         * the last block to write might exceed the nominal size of the
         * image for technical reasons. */
        if (uOffset + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead > pDisk->cbSize)
            cbFill = uOffset + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead - pDisk->cbSize;

        /* If we have data to be written, use that instead of reading
         * data from the image. */
        if (cbWrite > cbThisWrite)
            cbWriteCopy = RT_MIN(cbWrite - cbThisWrite, cbPostRead);

        /* The rest must be read from the image. */
        cbReadImage = cbPostRead - cbWriteCopy - cbFill;
    }

    pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbFill      = cbFill;
    pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbWriteCopy = cbWriteCopy;
    pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbReadImage = cbReadImage;

    /* Read the entire data of the block so that we can compare whether it will
     * be modified by the write or not. */
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft = cbPreRead + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead - cbFill;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransfer     = pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft;
    pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset       -= cbPreRead;

    /* Next step */
    pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperOptimizedPreReadAsync;
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

static int vdWriteHelperStandardAssemble(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    size_t cbPostRead  = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPostRead;
    size_t cbThisWrite = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent;
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtxParent = pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    vdIoCtxCopy(pIoCtx, pIoCtxParent, cbThisWrite);
    if (cbPostRead)
    {
        size_t cbFill = pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbFill;
        size_t cbWriteCopy = pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbWriteCopy;
        size_t cbReadImage = pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbReadImage;

        /* Now assemble the remaining data. */
        if (cbWriteCopy)
        {
            /*
             * The S/G buffer of the parent needs to be cloned because
             * it is not allowed to modify the state.
             */
            RTSGBUF SgBufParentTmp;

            RTSgBufClone(&SgBufParentTmp, &pIoCtxParent->Req.Io.SgBuf);
            RTSgBufCopy(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, &SgBufParentTmp, cbWriteCopy);
        }

        /* Zero out the remainder of this block. Will never be visible, as this
         * is beyond the limit of the image. */
        if (cbFill)
        {
            RTSgBufAdvance(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbReadImage);
            vdIoCtxSet(pIoCtx, '\0', cbFill);
        }

        if (cbReadImage)
        {
            /* Read remaining data. */
        }
        else
        {
            /* Write the full block to the virtual disk. */
            RTSgBufReset(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf);
            pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperCommitAsync;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* Write the full block to the virtual disk. */
        RTSgBufReset(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf);
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperCommitAsync;
    }

    return rc;
}

static int vdWriteHelperStandardPreReadAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS;

    if (pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft)
        rc = vdReadHelperAsync(pIoCtx);

    if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
        && (   pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft
            || pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending))
        rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
     else
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperStandardAssemble;

    return rc;
}

static int vdWriteHelperStandardAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    uint64_t uOffset   = pIoCtx->Type.Child.uOffsetSaved;
    size_t cbThisWrite = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent;
    size_t cbPreRead   = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPreRead;
    size_t cbPostRead  = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbPostRead;
    size_t cbWrite     = pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbWriteParent;
    size_t cbFill = 0;
    size_t cbWriteCopy = 0;
    size_t cbReadImage = 0;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    AssertPtr(pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent);
    Assert(!pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent->pIoCtxParent);

    /* Calculate the amount of data to read that goes after the write to fill the block. */
    if (cbPostRead)
    {
        /* If we have data to be written, use that instead of reading
         * data from the image. */
        cbWriteCopy;
        if (cbWrite > cbThisWrite)
            cbWriteCopy = RT_MIN(cbWrite - cbThisWrite, cbPostRead);

        /* Figure out how much we cannot read from the image, because
         * the last block to write might exceed the nominal size of the
         * image for technical reasons. */
        if (uOffset + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead > pDisk->cbSize)
            cbFill = uOffset + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead - pDisk->cbSize;

        /* The rest must be read from the image. */
        cbReadImage = cbPostRead - cbWriteCopy - cbFill;
    }

    pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbFill      = cbFill;
    pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbWriteCopy = cbWriteCopy;
    pIoCtx->Type.Child.Write.Optimized.cbReadImage = cbReadImage;

    /* Next step */
    if (cbPreRead)
    {
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperStandardPreReadAsync;

        /* Read the data that goes before the write to fill the block. */
        pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft = cbPreRead;
        pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransfer     = pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft;
        pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset       -= cbPreRead;
    }
    else
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdWriteHelperStandardAssemble;

    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * internal: write buffer to the image, taking care of block boundaries and
 * write optimizations - async version.
 */
static int vdWriteHelperAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc;
    size_t cbWrite   = pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransfer;
    uint64_t uOffset = pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset;
    PVDIMAGE pImage  = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk   = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    unsigned fWrite;
    size_t cbThisWrite;
    size_t cbPreRead, cbPostRead;

    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DONT_SET_MODIFIED_FLAG))
    {
        rc = vdSetModifiedFlagAsync(pDisk, pIoCtx);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc)) /* Includes I/O in progress. */
            return rc;
    }

    rc = vdDiscardSetRangeAllocated(pDisk, uOffset, cbWrite);
    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
        return rc;

    /* Loop until all written. */
    do
    {
        /* Try to write the possibly partial block to the last opened image.
         * This works when the block is already allocated in this image or
         * if it is a full-block write (and allocation isn't suppressed below).
         * For image formats which don't support zero blocks, it's beneficial
         * to avoid unnecessarily allocating unchanged blocks. This prevents
         * unwanted expanding of images. VMDK is an example. */
        cbThisWrite = cbWrite;
        fWrite =   (pImage->uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME)
                 ? 0 : VD_WRITE_NO_ALLOC;
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnWrite(pImage->pBackendData, uOffset,
                                            cbThisWrite, pIoCtx,
                                            &cbThisWrite, &cbPreRead,
                                            &cbPostRead, fWrite);
        if (rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
        {
            /* Lock the disk .*/
            rc = vdIoCtxLockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                /*
                 * Allocate segment and buffer in one go.
                 * A bit hackish but avoids the need to allocate memory twice.
                 */
                PRTSGBUF pTmp = (PRTSGBUF)RTMemAlloc(cbPreRead + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead + sizeof(RTSGSEG) + sizeof(RTSGBUF));
                AssertBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pTmp), rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY);
                PRTSGSEG pSeg = (PRTSGSEG)(pTmp + 1);

                pSeg->pvSeg = pSeg + 1;
                pSeg->cbSeg = cbPreRead + cbThisWrite + cbPostRead;
                RTSgBufInit(pTmp, pSeg, 1);

                PVDIOCTX pIoCtxWrite = vdIoCtxChildAlloc(pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_WRITE,
                                                         uOffset, pSeg->cbSeg, pImage,
                                                         pTmp,
                                                         pIoCtx, cbThisWrite,
                                                         cbWrite,
                                                         pTmp,
                                                           (pImage->uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME)
                                                         ? vdWriteHelperStandardAsync
                                                         : vdWriteHelperOptimizedAsync);
                if (!VALID_PTR(pIoCtxWrite))
                {
                    RTMemTmpFree(pTmp);
                    rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
                    break;
                }

                LogFlowFunc(("Disk is growing because of pIoCtx=%#p pIoCtxWrite=%#p\n",
                             pIoCtx, pIoCtxWrite));

                pIoCtxWrite->Type.Child.cbPreRead  = cbPreRead;
                pIoCtxWrite->Type.Child.cbPostRead = cbPostRead;
                pIoCtxWrite->Req.Io.pImageParentOverride = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageParentOverride;

                /* Process the write request */
                rc = vdIoCtxProcessLocked(pIoCtxWrite);

                if (RT_FAILURE(rc) && (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS))
                {
                    vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtxWrite);
                    break;
                }
                else if (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
                         && ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pIoCtxWrite->fComplete, true, false))
                {
                    LogFlow(("Child write request completed\n"));
                    Assert(pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft >= cbThisWrite);
                    ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbThisWrite);
                    vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx, false /* fProcessDeferredReqs*/ );
                    vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtxWrite);

                    rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
                }
                else
                {
                    LogFlow(("Child write pending\n"));
                    ASMAtomicIncU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);
                    pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;
                    rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
                    cbWrite -= cbThisWrite;
                    uOffset += cbThisWrite;
                    break;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (rc == VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
        {
            cbWrite -= cbThisWrite;
            uOffset += cbThisWrite;
            pIoCtx->fFlags |= VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;
            break;
        }
        else if (rc == VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA)
            break;

        cbWrite -= cbThisWrite;
        uOffset += cbThisWrite;
    } while (cbWrite != 0 && (RT_SUCCESS(rc) || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS));

    if (   rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS
        || rc == VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA
        || rc == VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
    {
        /*
         * Tell the caller that we don't need to go back here because all
         * writes are initiated.
         */
        if (   !cbWrite
            && rc != VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
            rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

        pIoCtx->Req.Io.uOffset    = uOffset;
        pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransfer = cbWrite;
    }

    return rc;
}

/**
 * Flush helper async version.
 */
static int vdFlushHelperAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    PVDIMAGE pImage = pIoCtx->Req.Io.pImageCur;

    rc = vdIoCtxLockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx);
    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        vdResetModifiedFlag(pDisk);
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnFlush(pImage->pBackendData, pIoCtx);
        if (   (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
                || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS
                || rc == VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
            && pDisk->pCache)
        {
            rc = pDisk->pCache->Backend->pfnFlush(pDisk->pCache->pBackendData, pIoCtx);
            if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
                || (   rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS
                    && rc != VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT))
                vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx, true /* fProcessBlockedReqs */);
            else if (rc != VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
        }
        else if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
            rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
        else if (rc != VERR_VD_IOCTX_HALT)/* Some other error. */
            vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx, true /* fProcessBlockedReqs */);
    }

    return rc;
}

/**
 * Async discard helper - discards a whole block which is recorded in the block
 * tree.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pIoCtx    The I/O context to operate on.
 */
static int vdDiscardWholeBlockAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    PVDDISCARDSTATE pDiscard = pDisk->pDiscard;
    PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlock = pIoCtx->Req.Discard.pBlock;
    size_t cbPreAllocated, cbPostAllocated, cbActuallyDiscarded;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    AssertPtr(pBlock);

    rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnDiscard(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData, pIoCtx,
                                                pBlock->Core.Key, pBlock->cbDiscard,
                                                &cbPreAllocated, &cbPostAllocated,
                                                &cbActuallyDiscarded, NULL, 0);
    Assert(rc != VERR_VD_DISCARD_ALIGNMENT_NOT_MET);
    Assert(!cbPreAllocated);
    Assert(!cbPostAllocated);
    Assert(cbActuallyDiscarded == pBlock->cbDiscard || RT_FAILURE(rc));

    /* Remove the block on success. */
    if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
        || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
    {
        PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlockRemove = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTAvlrU64RangeRemove(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, pBlock->Core.Key);
        Assert(pBlockRemove == pBlock);

        pDiscard->cbDiscarding -= pBlock->cbDiscard;
        RTListNodeRemove(&pBlock->NodeLru);
        RTMemFree(pBlock->pbmAllocated);
        RTMemFree(pBlock);
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.pBlock = NULL;/* Safety precaution. */
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdDiscardHelperAsync; /* Next part. */
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Removes the least recently used blocks from the waiting list until
 * the new value is reached - version for async I/O.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk              VD disk container.
 * @param   pDiscard           The discard state.
 * @param   cbDiscardingNew    How many bytes should be waiting on success.
 *                             The number of bytes waiting can be less.
 */
static int vdDiscardRemoveBlocksAsync(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, size_t cbDiscardingNew)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDDISCARDSTATE pDiscard = pDisk->pDiscard;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pDiscard=%#p cbDiscardingNew=%zu\n",
                 pDisk, pDiscard, cbDiscardingNew));

    while (pDiscard->cbDiscarding > cbDiscardingNew)
    {
        PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlock = RTListGetLast(&pDiscard->ListLru, VDDISCARDBLOCK, NodeLru);

        Assert(!RTListIsEmpty(&pDiscard->ListLru));

        /* Go over the allocation bitmap and mark all discarded sectors as unused. */
        uint64_t offStart = pBlock->Core.Key;
        uint32_t idxStart = 0;
        size_t cbLeft = pBlock->cbDiscard;
        bool fAllocated = ASMBitTest(pBlock->pbmAllocated, idxStart);
        uint32_t cSectors = pBlock->cbDiscard / 512;

        while (cbLeft > 0)
        {
            int32_t idxEnd;
            size_t cbThis = cbLeft;

            if (fAllocated)
            {
                /* Check for the first unallocated bit. */
                idxEnd = ASMBitNextClear(pBlock->pbmAllocated, cSectors, idxStart);
                if (idxEnd != -1)
                {
                    cbThis = (idxEnd - idxStart) * 512;
                    fAllocated = false;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                /* Mark as unused and check for the first set bit. */
                idxEnd = ASMBitNextSet(pBlock->pbmAllocated, cSectors, idxStart);
                if (idxEnd != -1)
                    cbThis = (idxEnd - idxStart) * 512;

                rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnDiscard(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData, pIoCtx,
                                                            offStart, cbThis, NULL, NULL, &cbThis,
                                                            NULL, VD_DISCARD_MARK_UNUSED);
                if (      RT_FAILURE(rc)
                    && rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
                    break;

                fAllocated = true;
            }

            idxStart  = idxEnd;
            offStart += cbThis;
            cbLeft   -= cbThis;
        }

        if (   RT_FAILURE(rc)
            && rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
            break;

        PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlockRemove = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTAvlrU64RangeRemove(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, pBlock->Core.Key);
        Assert(pBlockRemove == pBlock);
        RTListNodeRemove(&pBlock->NodeLru);

        pDiscard->cbDiscarding -= pBlock->cbDiscard;
        RTMemFree(pBlock->pbmAllocated);
        RTMemFree(pBlock);
    }

    if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    Assert(RT_FAILURE(rc) || pDiscard->cbDiscarding <= cbDiscardingNew);

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Async discard helper - discards the current range if there is no matching
 * block in the tree.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pIoCtx    The I/O context to operate on.
 */
static int vdDiscardCurrentRangeAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    PVBOXHDD        pDisk         = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    PVDDISCARDSTATE pDiscard      = pDisk->pDiscard;
    uint64_t        offStart      = pIoCtx->Req.Discard.offCur;
    size_t          cbThisDiscard = pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbThisDiscard;
    void *pbmAllocated = NULL;
    size_t cbPreAllocated, cbPostAllocated;
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    /* No block found, try to discard using the backend first. */
    rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnDiscard(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData, pIoCtx,
                                                offStart, cbThisDiscard, &cbPreAllocated,
                                                &cbPostAllocated, &cbThisDiscard,
                                                &pbmAllocated, 0);
    if (rc == VERR_VD_DISCARD_ALIGNMENT_NOT_MET)
    {
        /* Create new discard block. */
        PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlock = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDDISCARDBLOCK));
        if (pBlock)
        {
            pBlock->Core.Key     = offStart - cbPreAllocated;
            pBlock->Core.KeyLast = offStart + cbThisDiscard + cbPostAllocated - 1;
            pBlock->cbDiscard    = cbPreAllocated + cbThisDiscard + cbPostAllocated;
            pBlock->pbmAllocated = pbmAllocated;
            bool fInserted = RTAvlrU64Insert(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, &pBlock->Core);
            Assert(fInserted);

            RTListPrepend(&pDiscard->ListLru, &pBlock->NodeLru);
            pDiscard->cbDiscarding += pBlock->cbDiscard;

            Assert(pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft >= cbThisDiscard);
            pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft -= cbThisDiscard;
            pIoCtx->Req.Discard.offCur        += cbThisDiscard;
            pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbThisDiscard = cbThisDiscard;

            if (pDiscard->cbDiscarding > VD_DISCARD_REMOVE_THRESHOLD)
                rc = vdDiscardRemoveBlocksAsync(pDisk, pIoCtx, VD_DISCARD_REMOVE_THRESHOLD);
            else
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
                pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdDiscardHelperAsync; /* Next part. */
        }
        else
        {
            RTMemFree(pbmAllocated);
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
        }
    }
    else if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
             || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS) /* Save state and andvance to next range. */
    {
        Assert(pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft >= cbThisDiscard);
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft -= cbThisDiscard;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.offCur        += cbThisDiscard;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbThisDiscard  = cbThisDiscard;
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext       = vdDiscardHelperAsync;
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Async discard helper - entry point.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pIoCtx    The I/O context to operate on.
 */
static int vdDiscardHelperAsync(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    int rc             = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVBOXHDD  pDisk    = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    PCRTRANGE paRanges = pIoCtx->Req.Discard.paRanges;
    unsigned  cRanges  = pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cRanges;
    PVDDISCARDSTATE pDiscard = pDisk->pDiscard;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));

    /* Check if the I/O context processed all ranges. */
    if (   pIoCtx->Req.Discard.idxRange == cRanges
        && !pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft)
    {
        LogFlowFunc(("All ranges discarded, completing\n"));
        vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx, true /* fProcessDeferredReqs*/);
        return VINF_SUCCESS;
    }

    if (pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner != pIoCtx)
        rc = vdIoCtxLockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx);

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        uint64_t offStart      = pIoCtx->Req.Discard.offCur;
        size_t   cbDiscardLeft = pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft;
        size_t   cbThisDiscard;

        if (RT_UNLIKELY(!pDiscard))
        {
            pDiscard = vdDiscardStateCreate();
            if (!pDiscard)
                return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

            pDisk->pDiscard = pDiscard;
        }

        if (!pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft)
        {
            offStart      = paRanges[pIoCtx->Req.Discard.idxRange].offStart;
            cbDiscardLeft = paRanges[pIoCtx->Req.Discard.idxRange].cbRange;
            LogFlowFunc(("New range descriptor loaded (%u) offStart=%llu cbDiscard=%zu\n",
                         pIoCtx->Req.Discard.idxRange, offStart, cbDiscardLeft));
            pIoCtx->Req.Discard.idxRange++;
        }

        /* Look for a matching block in the AVL tree first. */
        PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlock = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTAvlrU64GetBestFit(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, offStart, false);
        if (!pBlock || pBlock->Core.KeyLast < offStart)
        {
            PVDDISCARDBLOCK pBlockAbove = (PVDDISCARDBLOCK)RTAvlrU64GetBestFit(pDiscard->pTreeBlocks, offStart, true);

            /* Clip range to remain in the current block. */
            if (pBlockAbove)
                cbThisDiscard = RT_MIN(cbDiscardLeft, pBlockAbove->Core.KeyLast - offStart + 1);
            else
                cbThisDiscard = cbDiscardLeft;

            Assert(!(cbThisDiscard % 512));
            pIoCtx->Req.Discard.pBlock   = NULL;
            pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdDiscardCurrentRangeAsync;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Range lies partly in the block, update allocation bitmap. */
            int32_t idxStart, idxEnd;

            cbThisDiscard = RT_MIN(cbDiscardLeft, pBlock->Core.KeyLast - offStart + 1);

            AssertPtr(pBlock);

            Assert(!(cbThisDiscard % 512));
            Assert(!((offStart - pBlock->Core.Key) % 512));

            idxStart = (offStart - pBlock->Core.Key) / 512;
            idxEnd = idxStart + (cbThisDiscard / 512);

            ASMBitClearRange(pBlock->pbmAllocated, idxStart, idxEnd);

            cbDiscardLeft -= cbThisDiscard;
            offStart      += cbThisDiscard;

            /* Call the backend to discard the block if it is completely unallocated now. */
            if (ASMBitFirstSet((volatile void *)pBlock->pbmAllocated, pBlock->cbDiscard / 512) == -1)
            {
                pIoCtx->Req.Discard.pBlock   = pBlock;
                pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdDiscardWholeBlockAsync;
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
            }
            else
            {
                RTListNodeRemove(&pBlock->NodeLru);
                RTListPrepend(&pDiscard->ListLru, &pBlock->NodeLru);

                /* Start with next range. */
                pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = vdDiscardHelperAsync;
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
            }
        }

        /* Save state in the context. */
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.offCur        = offStart;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbDiscardLeft = cbDiscardLeft;
        pIoCtx->Req.Discard.cbThisDiscard = cbThisDiscard;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * internal: scans plugin directory and loads the backends have been found.
 */
static int vdLoadDynamicBackends()
{
#ifndef VBOX_HDD_NO_DYNAMIC_BACKENDS
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PRTDIR pPluginDir = NULL;

    /* Enumerate plugin backends. */
    char szPath[RTPATH_MAX];
    rc = RTPathAppPrivateArch(szPath, sizeof(szPath));
    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
        return rc;

    /* To get all entries with VBoxHDD as prefix. */
    char *pszPluginFilter = RTPathJoinA(szPath, VBOX_HDDFORMAT_PLUGIN_PREFIX "*");
    if (!pszPluginFilter)
        return VERR_NO_STR_MEMORY;

    PRTDIRENTRYEX pPluginDirEntry = NULL;
    size_t cbPluginDirEntry = sizeof(RTDIRENTRYEX);
    /* The plugins are in the same directory as the other shared libs. */
    rc = RTDirOpenFiltered(&pPluginDir, pszPluginFilter, RTDIRFILTER_WINNT, 0);
    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
    {
        /* On Windows the above immediately signals that there are no
         * files matching, while on other platforms enumerating the
         * files below fails. Either way: no plugins. */
        goto out;
    }

    pPluginDirEntry = (PRTDIRENTRYEX)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(RTDIRENTRYEX));
    if (!pPluginDirEntry)
    {
        rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
        goto out;
    }

    while ((rc = RTDirReadEx(pPluginDir, pPluginDirEntry, &cbPluginDirEntry, RTFSOBJATTRADD_NOTHING, RTPATH_F_ON_LINK)) != VERR_NO_MORE_FILES)
    {
        RTLDRMOD hPlugin = NIL_RTLDRMOD;
        PFNVBOXHDDFORMATLOAD pfnHDDFormatLoad = NULL;
        PVBOXHDDBACKEND pBackend = NULL;
        char *pszPluginPath = NULL;

        if (rc == VERR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW)
        {
            /* allocate new buffer. */
            RTMemFree(pPluginDirEntry);
            pPluginDirEntry = (PRTDIRENTRYEX)RTMemAllocZ(cbPluginDirEntry);
            if (!pPluginDirEntry)
            {
                rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
                break;
            }
            /* Retry. */
            rc = RTDirReadEx(pPluginDir, pPluginDirEntry, &cbPluginDirEntry, RTFSOBJATTRADD_NOTHING, RTPATH_F_ON_LINK);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;
        }
        else if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        /* We got the new entry. */
        if (!RTFS_IS_FILE(pPluginDirEntry->Info.Attr.fMode))
            continue;

        /* Prepend the path to the libraries. */
        pszPluginPath = RTPathJoinA(szPath, pPluginDirEntry->szName);
        if (!pszPluginPath)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_STR_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = SUPR3HardenedLdrLoadPlugIn(pszPluginPath, &hPlugin, NULL);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            rc = RTLdrGetSymbol(hPlugin, VBOX_HDDFORMAT_LOAD_NAME, (void**)&pfnHDDFormatLoad);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc) || !pfnHDDFormatLoad)
            {
                LogFunc(("error resolving the entry point %s in plugin %s, rc=%Rrc, pfnHDDFormat=%#p\n", VBOX_HDDFORMAT_LOAD_NAME, pPluginDirEntry->szName, rc, pfnHDDFormatLoad));
                if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
                    rc = VERR_SYMBOL_NOT_FOUND;
            }

            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                /* Get the function table. */
                rc = pfnHDDFormatLoad(&pBackend);
                if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && pBackend->cbSize == sizeof(VBOXHDDBACKEND))
                {
                    pBackend->hPlugin = hPlugin;
                    vdAddBackend(pBackend);
                }
                else
                    LogFunc(("ignored plugin '%s': pBackend->cbSize=%d rc=%Rrc\n", pszPluginPath, pBackend->cbSize, rc));
            }
            else
                LogFunc(("ignored plugin '%s': rc=%Rrc\n", pszPluginPath, rc));

            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                RTLdrClose(hPlugin);
        }
        RTStrFree(pszPluginPath);
    }
out:
    if (rc == VERR_NO_MORE_FILES)
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    RTStrFree(pszPluginFilter);
    if (pPluginDirEntry)
        RTMemFree(pPluginDirEntry);
    if (pPluginDir)
        RTDirClose(pPluginDir);
    return rc;
#else
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
#endif
}

/**
 * internal: scans plugin directory and loads the cache backends have been found.
 */
static int vdLoadDynamicCacheBackends()
{
#ifndef VBOX_HDD_NO_DYNAMIC_BACKENDS
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PRTDIR pPluginDir = NULL;

    /* Enumerate plugin backends. */
    char szPath[RTPATH_MAX];
    rc = RTPathAppPrivateArch(szPath, sizeof(szPath));
    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
        return rc;

    /* To get all entries with VBoxHDD as prefix. */
    char *pszPluginFilter = RTPathJoinA(szPath, VD_CACHEFORMAT_PLUGIN_PREFIX "*");
    if (!pszPluginFilter)
    {
        rc = VERR_NO_STR_MEMORY;
        return rc;
    }

    PRTDIRENTRYEX pPluginDirEntry = NULL;
    size_t cbPluginDirEntry = sizeof(RTDIRENTRYEX);
    /* The plugins are in the same directory as the other shared libs. */
    rc = RTDirOpenFiltered(&pPluginDir, pszPluginFilter, RTDIRFILTER_WINNT, 0);
    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
    {
        /* On Windows the above immediately signals that there are no
         * files matching, while on other platforms enumerating the
         * files below fails. Either way: no plugins. */
        goto out;
    }

    pPluginDirEntry = (PRTDIRENTRYEX)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(RTDIRENTRYEX));
    if (!pPluginDirEntry)
    {
        rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
        goto out;
    }

    while ((rc = RTDirReadEx(pPluginDir, pPluginDirEntry, &cbPluginDirEntry, RTFSOBJATTRADD_NOTHING, RTPATH_F_ON_LINK)) != VERR_NO_MORE_FILES)
    {
        RTLDRMOD hPlugin = NIL_RTLDRMOD;
        PFNVDCACHEFORMATLOAD pfnVDCacheLoad = NULL;
        PVDCACHEBACKEND pBackend = NULL;
        char *pszPluginPath = NULL;

        if (rc == VERR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW)
        {
            /* allocate new buffer. */
            RTMemFree(pPluginDirEntry);
            pPluginDirEntry = (PRTDIRENTRYEX)RTMemAllocZ(cbPluginDirEntry);
            if (!pPluginDirEntry)
            {
                rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
                break;
            }
            /* Retry. */
            rc = RTDirReadEx(pPluginDir, pPluginDirEntry, &cbPluginDirEntry, RTFSOBJATTRADD_NOTHING, RTPATH_F_ON_LINK);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;
        }
        else if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        /* We got the new entry. */
        if (!RTFS_IS_FILE(pPluginDirEntry->Info.Attr.fMode))
            continue;

        /* Prepend the path to the libraries. */
        pszPluginPath = RTPathJoinA(szPath, pPluginDirEntry->szName);
        if (!pszPluginPath)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_STR_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = SUPR3HardenedLdrLoadPlugIn(pszPluginPath, &hPlugin, NULL);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            rc = RTLdrGetSymbol(hPlugin, VD_CACHEFORMAT_LOAD_NAME, (void**)&pfnVDCacheLoad);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc) || !pfnVDCacheLoad)
            {
                LogFunc(("error resolving the entry point %s in plugin %s, rc=%Rrc, pfnVDCacheLoad=%#p\n",
                         VD_CACHEFORMAT_LOAD_NAME, pPluginDirEntry->szName, rc, pfnVDCacheLoad));
                if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
                    rc = VERR_SYMBOL_NOT_FOUND;
            }

            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                /* Get the function table. */
                rc = pfnVDCacheLoad(&pBackend);
                if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && pBackend->cbSize == sizeof(VDCACHEBACKEND))
                {
                    pBackend->hPlugin = hPlugin;
                    vdAddCacheBackend(pBackend);
                }
                else
                    LogFunc(("ignored plugin '%s': pBackend->cbSize=%d rc=%Rrc\n", pszPluginPath, pBackend->cbSize, rc));
            }
            else
                LogFunc(("ignored plugin '%s': rc=%Rrc\n", pszPluginPath, rc));

            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                RTLdrClose(hPlugin);
        }
        RTStrFree(pszPluginPath);
    }
out:
    if (rc == VERR_NO_MORE_FILES)
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    RTStrFree(pszPluginFilter);
    if (pPluginDirEntry)
        RTMemFree(pPluginDirEntry);
    if (pPluginDir)
        RTDirClose(pPluginDir);
    return rc;
#else
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
#endif
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface open callback.
 */
static int vdIOOpenFallback(void *pvUser, const char *pszLocation,
                            uint32_t fOpen, PFNVDCOMPLETED pfnCompleted,
                            void **ppStorage)
{
    PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE pStorage = (PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE));

    if (!pStorage)
        return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

    pStorage->pfnCompleted = pfnCompleted;

    /* Open the file. */
    int rc = RTFileOpen(&pStorage->File, pszLocation, fOpen);
    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        *ppStorage = pStorage;
        return VINF_SUCCESS;
    }

    RTMemFree(pStorage);
    return rc;
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface close callback.
 */
static int vdIOCloseFallback(void *pvUser, void *pvStorage)
{
    PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE pStorage = (PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE)pvStorage;

    RTFileClose(pStorage->File);
    RTMemFree(pStorage);
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

static int vdIODeleteFallback(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename)
{
    return RTFileDelete(pcszFilename);
}

static int vdIOMoveFallback(void *pvUser, const char *pcszSrc, const char *pcszDst, unsigned fMove)
{
    return RTFileMove(pcszSrc, pcszDst, fMove);
}

static int vdIOGetFreeSpaceFallback(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename, int64_t *pcbFreeSpace)
{
    return RTFsQuerySizes(pcszFilename, NULL, pcbFreeSpace, NULL, NULL);
}

static int vdIOGetModificationTimeFallback(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename, PRTTIMESPEC pModificationTime)
{
    RTFSOBJINFO info;
    int rc = RTPathQueryInfo(pcszFilename, &info, RTFSOBJATTRADD_NOTHING);
    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        *pModificationTime = info.ModificationTime;
    return rc;
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for retrieving the file size.
 */
static int vdIOGetSizeFallback(void *pvUser, void *pvStorage, uint64_t *pcbSize)
{
    PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE pStorage = (PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE)pvStorage;

    return RTFileGetSize(pStorage->File, pcbSize);
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for setting the file size.
 */
static int vdIOSetSizeFallback(void *pvUser, void *pvStorage, uint64_t cbSize)
{
    PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE pStorage = (PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE)pvStorage;

    return RTFileSetSize(pStorage->File, cbSize);
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for a synchronous write to the file.
 */
static int vdIOWriteSyncFallback(void *pvUser, void *pvStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                              const void *pvBuf, size_t cbWrite, size_t *pcbWritten)
{
    PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE pStorage = (PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE)pvStorage;

    return RTFileWriteAt(pStorage->File, uOffset, pvBuf, cbWrite, pcbWritten);
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for a synchronous read from the file.
 */
static int vdIOReadSyncFallback(void *pvUser, void *pvStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                             void *pvBuf, size_t cbRead, size_t *pcbRead)
{
    PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE pStorage = (PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE)pvStorage;

    return RTFileReadAt(pStorage->File, uOffset, pvBuf, cbRead, pcbRead);
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for a synchronous flush of the file data.
 */
static int vdIOFlushSyncFallback(void *pvUser, void *pvStorage)
{
    PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE pStorage = (PVDIIOFALLBACKSTORAGE)pvStorage;

    return RTFileFlush(pStorage->File);
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for a asynchronous read from the file.
 */
static int vdIOReadAsyncFallback(void *pvUser, void *pStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                                 PCRTSGSEG paSegments, size_t cSegments,
                                 size_t cbRead, void *pvCompletion,
                                 void **ppTask)
{
    return VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for a asynchronous write to the file.
 */
static int vdIOWriteAsyncFallback(void *pvUser, void *pStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                                  PCRTSGSEG paSegments, size_t cSegments,
                                  size_t cbWrite, void *pvCompletion,
                                  void **ppTask)
{
    return VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/**
 * VD async I/O interface callback for a asynchronous flush of the file data.
 */
static int vdIOFlushAsyncFallback(void *pvUser, void *pStorage,
                                  void *pvCompletion, void **ppTask)
{
    return VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/**
 * Internal - Continues an I/O context after
 * it was halted because of an active transfer.
 */
static int vdIoCtxContinue(PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, int rcReq)
{
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    if (RT_FAILURE(rcReq))
        ASMAtomicCmpXchgS32(&pIoCtx->rcReq, rcReq, VINF_SUCCESS);

    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED))
    {
        /* Continue the transfer */
        rc = vdIoCtxProcessLocked(pIoCtx);

        if (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
            && ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pIoCtx->fComplete, true, false))
        {
            LogFlowFunc(("I/O context completed pIoCtx=%#p\n", pIoCtx));
            if (pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent)
            {
                PVDIOCTX pIoCtxParent = pIoCtx->pIoCtxParent;

                Assert(!pIoCtxParent->pIoCtxParent);
                if (RT_FAILURE(pIoCtx->rcReq))
                    ASMAtomicCmpXchgS32(&pIoCtxParent->rcReq, pIoCtx->rcReq, VINF_SUCCESS);

                ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtxParent->cDataTransfersPending);

                if (pIoCtx->enmTxDir == VDIOCTXTXDIR_WRITE)
                {
                    LogFlowFunc(("I/O context transferred %u bytes for the parent pIoCtxParent=%p\n",
                                 pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent, pIoCtxParent));

                    /* Update the parent state. */
                    Assert(pIoCtxParent->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft >= pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent);
                    ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtxParent->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, pIoCtx->Type.Child.cbTransferParent);
                }
                else
                    Assert(pIoCtx->enmTxDir == VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH);

                /*
                 * A completed child write means that we finished growing the image.
                 * We have to process any pending writes now.
                 */
                vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtxParent, false /* fProcessDeferredReqs */);

                /* Unblock the parent */
                pIoCtxParent->fFlags &= ~VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;

                rc = vdIoCtxProcessLocked(pIoCtxParent);

                if (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
                    && ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pIoCtxParent->fComplete, true, false))
                {
                    LogFlowFunc(("Parent I/O context completed pIoCtxParent=%#p rcReq=%Rrc\n", pIoCtxParent, pIoCtxParent->rcReq));
                    pIoCtxParent->Type.Root.pfnComplete(pIoCtxParent->Type.Root.pvUser1,
                                                        pIoCtxParent->Type.Root.pvUser2,
                                                        pIoCtxParent->rcReq);
                    vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                    vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtxParent);
                    vdDiskProcessBlockedIoCtx(pDisk);
                }
                else if (!vdIoCtxIsDiskLockOwner(pDisk, pIoCtx))
                {
                    /* Process any pending writes if the current request didn't caused another growing. */
                    vdDiskProcessBlockedIoCtx(pDisk);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (pIoCtx->enmTxDir == VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH)
                {
                    vdIoCtxUnlockDisk(pDisk, pIoCtx, true /* fProcessDerredReqs */);
                    vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                }
                else if (   pIoCtx->enmTxDir == VDIOCTXTXDIR_WRITE
                         || pIoCtx->enmTxDir == VDIOCTXTXDIR_DISCARD)
                    vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                else
                {
                    Assert(pIoCtx->enmTxDir == VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ);
                    vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
                }

                LogFlowFunc(("I/O context completed pIoCtx=%#p rcReq=%Rrc\n", pIoCtx, pIoCtx->rcReq));
                pIoCtx->Type.Root.pfnComplete(pIoCtx->Type.Root.pvUser1,
                                              pIoCtx->Type.Root.pvUser2,
                                              pIoCtx->rcReq);
            }

            vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
        }
    }

    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * Internal - Called when user transfer completed.
 */
static int vdUserXferCompleted(PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                               PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete, void *pvUser,
                               size_t cbTransfer, int rcReq)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    bool fIoCtxContinue = true;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoCtx->pDisk;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoStorage=%#p pIoCtx=%#p pfnComplete=%#p pvUser=%#p cbTransfer=%zu rcReq=%Rrc\n",
                 pIoStorage, pIoCtx, pfnComplete, pvUser, cbTransfer, rcReq));

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    Assert(pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft >= cbTransfer);
    ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbTransfer);
    ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);

    if (pfnComplete)
        rc = pfnComplete(pIoStorage->pVDIo->pBackendData, pIoCtx, pvUser, rcReq);

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        rc = vdIoCtxContinue(pIoCtx, rcReq);
    else if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    return rc;
}

/**
 * Internal - Called when a meta transfer completed.
 */
static int vdMetaXferCompleted(PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete, void *pvUser,
                               PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer, int rcReq)
{
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoStorage->pVDIo->pDisk;
    RTLISTNODE ListIoCtxWaiting;
    bool fFlush;

    LogFlowFunc(("pIoStorage=%#p pfnComplete=%#p pvUser=%#p pMetaXfer=%#p rcReq=%Rrc\n",
                 pIoStorage, pfnComplete, pvUser, pMetaXfer, rcReq));

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    fFlush = VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_GET(pMetaXfer->fFlags) == VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_FLUSH;
    VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(pMetaXfer->fFlags, VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE);

    if (!fFlush)
    {
        RTListMove(&ListIoCtxWaiting, &pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting);

        if (RT_FAILURE(rcReq))
        {
            /* Remove from the AVL tree. */
            LogFlow(("Removing meta xfer=%#p\n", pMetaXfer));
            bool fRemoved = RTAvlrFileOffsetRemove(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, pMetaXfer->Core.Key) != NULL;
            Assert(fRemoved);
            RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
        }
        else
        {
            /* Increase the reference counter to make sure it doesn't go away before the last context is processed. */
            pMetaXfer->cRefs++;
        }
    }
    else
        RTListMove(&ListIoCtxWaiting, &pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting);

    /* Go through the waiting list and continue the I/O contexts. */
    while (!RTListIsEmpty(&ListIoCtxWaiting))
    {
        int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
        bool fContinue = true;
        PVDIOCTXDEFERRED pDeferred = RTListGetFirst(&ListIoCtxWaiting, VDIOCTXDEFERRED, NodeDeferred);
        PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = pDeferred->pIoCtx;
        RTListNodeRemove(&pDeferred->NodeDeferred);

        RTMemFree(pDeferred);
        ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending);

        if (pfnComplete)
            rc = pfnComplete(pIoStorage->pVDIo->pBackendData, pIoCtx, pvUser, rcReq);

        LogFlow(("Completion callback for I/O context %#p returned %Rrc\n", pIoCtx, rc));

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            rc = vdIoCtxContinue(pIoCtx, rcReq);
            AssertRC(rc);
        }
        else
            Assert(rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS);
    }

    /* Remove if not used anymore. */
    if (RT_SUCCESS(rcReq) && !fFlush)
    {
        pMetaXfer->cRefs--;
        if (!pMetaXfer->cRefs && RTListIsEmpty(&pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting))
        {
            /* Remove from the AVL tree. */
            LogFlow(("Removing meta xfer=%#p\n", pMetaXfer));
            bool fRemoved = RTAvlrFileOffsetRemove(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, pMetaXfer->Core.Key) != NULL;
            Assert(fRemoved);
            RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
        }
    }
    else if (fFlush)
        RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);

    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * Processes a list of waiting I/O tasks. The disk lock must be held by caller.
 *
 * @returns nothing.
 * @param   pDisk    The disk to process the list for.
 */
static void vdIoTaskProcessWaitingList(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    PVDIOTASK pHead = ASMAtomicXchgPtrT(&pDisk->pIoTasksPendingHead, NULL, PVDIOTASK);

    Log(("I/O task list cleared\n"));

    /* Reverse order. */
    PVDIOTASK pCur = pHead;
    pHead = NULL;
    while (pCur)
    {
        PVDIOTASK pInsert = pCur;
        pCur = pCur->pNext;
        pInsert->pNext = pHead;
        pHead = pInsert;
    }

    while (pHead)
    {
        PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage = pHead->pIoStorage;

        if (!pHead->fMeta)
            vdUserXferCompleted(pIoStorage, pHead->Type.User.pIoCtx,
                                pHead->pfnComplete, pHead->pvUser,
                                pHead->Type.User.cbTransfer, pHead->rcReq);
        else
            vdMetaXferCompleted(pIoStorage, pHead->pfnComplete, pHead->pvUser,
                                pHead->Type.Meta.pMetaXfer, pHead->rcReq);

        pCur = pHead;
        pHead = pHead->pNext;
        vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pCur);
    }
}

/**
 * Process any I/O context on the halted list.
 *
 * @returns nothing.
 * @param   pDisk    The disk.
 */
static void vdIoCtxProcessHaltedList(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    /* Get the waiting list and process it in FIFO order. */
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtxHead = ASMAtomicXchgPtrT(&pDisk->pIoCtxHaltedHead, NULL, PVDIOCTX);

    /* Reverse it. */
    PVDIOCTX pCur = pIoCtxHead;
    pIoCtxHead = NULL;
    while (pCur)
    {
        PVDIOCTX pInsert = pCur;
        pCur = pCur->pIoCtxNext;
        pInsert->pIoCtxNext = pIoCtxHead;
        pIoCtxHead = pInsert;
    }

    /* Process now. */
    pCur = pIoCtxHead;
    while (pCur)
    {
        PVDIOCTX pTmp = pCur;

        pCur = pCur->pIoCtxNext;
        pTmp->pIoCtxNext = NULL;

        /* Continue */
        pTmp->fFlags &= ~VDIOCTX_FLAGS_BLOCKED;
        vdIoCtxContinue(pTmp, pTmp->rcReq);
    }
}

/**
 * Unlock the disk and process pending tasks.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk    The disk to unlock.
 */
static int vdDiskUnlock(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PVDIOCTX pIoCtxRc)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    /*
     * Process the list of waiting I/O tasks first
     * because they might complete I/O contexts.
     * Same for the list of halted I/O contexts.
     * Afterwards comes the list of new I/O contexts.
     */
    vdIoTaskProcessWaitingList(pDisk);
    vdIoCtxProcessHaltedList(pDisk);
    rc = vdDiskProcessWaitingIoCtx(pDisk, pIoCtxRc);
    ASMAtomicXchgBool(&pDisk->fLocked, false);

    /*
     * Need to check for new I/O tasks and waiting I/O contexts now
     * again as other threads might added them while we processed
     * previous lists.
     */
    while (   ASMAtomicUoReadPtrT(&pDisk->pIoCtxHead, PVDIOCTX) != NULL
           || ASMAtomicUoReadPtrT(&pDisk->pIoTasksPendingHead, PVDIOTASK) != NULL
           || ASMAtomicUoReadPtrT(&pDisk->pIoCtxHaltedHead, PVDIOCTX) != NULL)
    {
        /* Try lock disk again. */
        if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pDisk->fLocked, true, false))
        {
            vdIoTaskProcessWaitingList(pDisk);
            vdIoCtxProcessHaltedList(pDisk);
            vdDiskProcessWaitingIoCtx(pDisk, NULL);
            ASMAtomicXchgBool(&pDisk->fLocked, false);
        }
        else /* Let the other thread everything when he unlocks the disk. */
            break;
    }

    return rc;
}

/**
 * Try to lock the disk to complete pressing of the I/O task.
 * The completion is deferred if the disk is locked already.
 *
 * @returns nothing.
 * @param   pIoTask  The I/O task to complete.
 */
static void vdXferTryLockDiskDeferIoTask(PVDIOTASK pIoTask)
{
    PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage = pIoTask->pIoStorage;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pIoStorage->pVDIo->pDisk;

    Log(("Deferring I/O task pIoTask=%p\n", pIoTask));

    /* Put it on the waiting list. */
    PVDIOTASK pNext = ASMAtomicUoReadPtrT(&pDisk->pIoTasksPendingHead, PVDIOTASK);
    PVDIOTASK pHeadOld;
    pIoTask->pNext = pNext;
    while (!ASMAtomicCmpXchgExPtr(&pDisk->pIoTasksPendingHead, pIoTask, pNext, &pHeadOld))
    {
        pNext = pHeadOld;
        Assert(pNext != pIoTask);
        pIoTask->pNext = pNext;
        ASMNopPause();
    }

    if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pDisk->fLocked, true, false))
    {
        /* Release disk lock, it will take care of processing all lists. */
        vdDiskUnlock(pDisk, NULL);
    }
}

static int vdIOIntReqCompleted(void *pvUser, int rcReq)
{
    PVDIOTASK pIoTask = (PVDIOTASK)pvUser;

    LogFlowFunc(("Task completed pIoTask=%#p\n", pIoTask));

    pIoTask->rcReq = rcReq;
    vdXferTryLockDiskDeferIoTask(pIoTask);
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * VD I/O interface callback for opening a file.
 */
static int vdIOIntOpen(void *pvUser, const char *pszLocation,
                       unsigned uOpenFlags, PPVDIOSTORAGE ppIoStorage)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDIO pVDIo             = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage = (PVDIOSTORAGE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIOSTORAGE));

    if (!pIoStorage)
        return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

    /* Create the AVl tree. */
    pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers = (PAVLRFOFFTREE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(AVLRFOFFTREE));
    if (pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers)
    {
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnOpen(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                          pszLocation, uOpenFlags,
                                          vdIOIntReqCompleted,
                                          &pIoStorage->pStorage);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            pIoStorage->pVDIo = pVDIo;
            *ppIoStorage = pIoStorage;
            return VINF_SUCCESS;
        }

        RTMemFree(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers);
    }
    else
        rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;

    RTMemFree(pIoStorage);
    return rc;
}

static int vdIOIntTreeMetaXferDestroy(PAVLRFOFFNODECORE pNode, void *pvUser)
{
    AssertMsgFailed(("Tree should be empty at this point!\n"));
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

static int vdIOIntClose(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDIO pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;

    /* We free everything here, even if closing the file failed for some reason. */
    rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnClose(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser, pIoStorage->pStorage);
    RTAvlrFileOffsetDestroy(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, vdIOIntTreeMetaXferDestroy, NULL);
    RTMemFree(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers);
    RTMemFree(pIoStorage);
    return rc;
}

static int vdIOIntDelete(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename)
{
    PVDIO pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    return pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnDelete(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                          pcszFilename);
}

static int vdIOIntMove(void *pvUser, const char *pcszSrc, const char *pcszDst,
                       unsigned fMove)
{
    PVDIO pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    return pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnMove(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                        pcszSrc, pcszDst, fMove);
}

static int vdIOIntGetFreeSpace(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename,
                               int64_t *pcbFreeSpace)
{
    PVDIO pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    return pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnGetFreeSpace(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                                pcszFilename, pcbFreeSpace);
}

static int vdIOIntGetModificationTime(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename,
                                      PRTTIMESPEC pModificationTime)
{
    PVDIO pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    return pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnGetModificationTime(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                                       pcszFilename, pModificationTime);
}

static int vdIOIntGetSize(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage,
                          uint64_t *pcbSize)
{
    PVDIO pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    return pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnGetSize(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                           pIoStorage->pStorage, pcbSize);
}

static int vdIOIntSetSize(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage,
                          uint64_t cbSize)
{
    PVDIO pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    return pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnSetSize(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                           pIoStorage->pStorage, cbSize);
}

static int vdIOIntReadUser(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                           PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, size_t cbRead)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;

    LogFlowFunc(("pvUser=%#p pIoStorage=%#p uOffset=%llu pIoCtx=%#p cbRead=%u\n",
                 pvUser, pIoStorage, uOffset, pIoCtx, cbRead));

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    Assert(cbRead > 0);

    if (pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC)
    {
        RTSGSEG Seg;
        unsigned cSegments = 1;
        size_t cbTaskRead = 0;

        /* Synchronous I/O contexts only have one buffer segment. */
        AssertMsgReturn(pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf.cSegs == 1,
                        ("Invalid number of buffer segments for synchronous I/O context"),
                        VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        cbTaskRead = RTSgBufSegArrayCreate(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, &Seg, &cSegments, cbRead);
        Assert(cbRead == cbTaskRead);
        Assert(cSegments == 1);
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnReadSync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                              pIoStorage->pStorage, uOffset,
                                              Seg.pvSeg, cbRead, NULL);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbRead);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Build the S/G array and spawn a new I/O task */
        while (cbRead)
        {
            RTSGSEG  aSeg[VD_IO_TASK_SEGMENTS_MAX];
            unsigned cSegments  = VD_IO_TASK_SEGMENTS_MAX;
            size_t   cbTaskRead = 0;

            cbTaskRead = RTSgBufSegArrayCreate(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, aSeg, &cSegments, cbRead);

            Assert(cSegments > 0);
            Assert(cbTaskRead > 0);
            AssertMsg(cbTaskRead <= cbRead, ("Invalid number of bytes to read\n"));

            LogFlow(("Reading %u bytes into %u segments\n", cbTaskRead, cSegments));

#ifdef RT_STRICT
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < cSegments; i++)
                    AssertMsg(aSeg[i].pvSeg && !(aSeg[i].cbSeg % 512),
                              ("Segment %u is invalid\n", i));
#endif

            PVDIOTASK pIoTask = vdIoTaskUserAlloc(pIoStorage, NULL, NULL, pIoCtx, cbTaskRead);

            if (!pIoTask)
                return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

            ASMAtomicIncU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);

            void *pvTask;
            Log(("Spawning pIoTask=%p pIoCtx=%p\n", pIoTask, pIoCtx));
            rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnReadAsync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                                   pIoStorage->pStorage, uOffset,
                                                   aSeg, cSegments, cbTaskRead, pIoTask,
                                                   &pvTask);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                AssertMsg(cbTaskRead <= pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, ("Impossible!\n"));
                ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbTaskRead);
                ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);
                vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pIoTask);
            }
            else if (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
            {
                ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);
                vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pIoTask);
                break;
            }

            uOffset += cbTaskRead;
            cbRead  -= cbTaskRead;
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

static int vdIOIntWriteUser(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                            PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, size_t cbWrite, PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete,
                            void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;

    LogFlowFunc(("pvUser=%#p pIoStorage=%#p uOffset=%llu pIoCtx=%#p cbWrite=%u\n",
                 pvUser, pIoStorage, uOffset, pIoCtx, cbWrite));

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    Assert(cbWrite > 0);

    if (pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC)
    {
        RTSGSEG Seg;
        unsigned cSegments = 1;
        size_t cbTaskWrite = 0;

        /* Synchronous I/O contexts only have one buffer segment. */
        AssertMsgReturn(pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf.cSegs == 1,
                        ("Invalid number of buffer segments for synchronous I/O context"),
                        VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        cbTaskWrite = RTSgBufSegArrayCreate(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, &Seg, &cSegments, cbWrite);
        Assert(cbWrite == cbTaskWrite);
        Assert(cSegments == 1);
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnWriteSync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                              pIoStorage->pStorage, uOffset,
                                              Seg.pvSeg, cbWrite, NULL);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbWrite);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Build the S/G array and spawn a new I/O task */
        while (cbWrite)
        {
            RTSGSEG  aSeg[VD_IO_TASK_SEGMENTS_MAX];
            unsigned cSegments   = VD_IO_TASK_SEGMENTS_MAX;
            size_t   cbTaskWrite = 0;

            cbTaskWrite = RTSgBufSegArrayCreate(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, aSeg, &cSegments, cbWrite);

            Assert(cSegments > 0);
            Assert(cbTaskWrite > 0);
            AssertMsg(cbTaskWrite <= cbWrite, ("Invalid number of bytes to write\n"));

            LogFlow(("Writing %u bytes from %u segments\n", cbTaskWrite, cSegments));

#ifdef DEBUG
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < cSegments; i++)
                    AssertMsg(aSeg[i].pvSeg && !(aSeg[i].cbSeg % 512),
                              ("Segment %u is invalid\n", i));
#endif

            PVDIOTASK pIoTask = vdIoTaskUserAlloc(pIoStorage, pfnComplete, pvCompleteUser, pIoCtx, cbTaskWrite);

            if (!pIoTask)
                return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

            ASMAtomicIncU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);

            void *pvTask;
            Log(("Spawning pIoTask=%p pIoCtx=%p\n", pIoTask, pIoCtx));
            rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnWriteAsync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                                    pIoStorage->pStorage,
                                                    uOffset, aSeg, cSegments,
                                                    cbTaskWrite, pIoTask, &pvTask);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                AssertMsg(cbTaskWrite <= pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, ("Impossible!\n"));
                ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbTaskWrite);
                ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);
                vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pIoTask);
            }
            else if (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
            {
                ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cDataTransfersPending);
                vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pIoTask);
                break;
            }

            uOffset += cbTaskWrite;
            cbWrite -= cbTaskWrite;
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

static int vdIOIntReadMeta(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                           void *pvBuf, size_t cbRead, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                           PPVDMETAXFER ppMetaXfer, PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete,
                           void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    PVDIO pVDIo     = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk  = pVDIo->pDisk;
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    RTSGSEG Seg;
    PVDIOTASK pIoTask;
    PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer = NULL;
    void *pvTask = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pvUser=%#p pIoStorage=%#p uOffset=%llu pvBuf=%#p cbRead=%u\n",
                 pvUser, pIoStorage, uOffset, pvBuf, cbRead));

    AssertMsgReturn(   pIoCtx
                    || (!ppMetaXfer && !pfnComplete && !pvCompleteUser),
                    ("A synchronous metadata read is requested but the parameters are wrong\n"),
                    VERR_INVALID_POINTER);

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (   pIoCtx
        && !(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    if (   !pIoCtx
        || pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC)
    {
        /* Handle synchronous metadata I/O. */
        /** @todo: Integrate with metadata transfers below. */
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnReadSync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                               pIoStorage->pStorage, uOffset,
                                               pvBuf, cbRead, NULL);
        if (ppMetaXfer)
            *ppMetaXfer = NULL;
    }
    else
    {
        pMetaXfer = (PVDMETAXFER)RTAvlrFileOffsetGet(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, uOffset);
        if (!pMetaXfer)
        {
#ifdef RT_STRICT
            pMetaXfer = (PVDMETAXFER)RTAvlrFileOffsetGetBestFit(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, uOffset, false /* fAbove */);
            AssertMsg(!pMetaXfer || (pMetaXfer->Core.Key + (RTFOFF)pMetaXfer->cbMeta <= (RTFOFF)uOffset),
                      ("Overlapping meta transfers!\n"));
#endif

            /* Allocate a new meta transfer. */
            pMetaXfer = vdMetaXferAlloc(pIoStorage, uOffset, cbRead);
            if (!pMetaXfer)
                return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

            pIoTask = vdIoTaskMetaAlloc(pIoStorage, pfnComplete, pvCompleteUser, pMetaXfer);
            if (!pIoTask)
            {
                RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
                return VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            }

            Seg.cbSeg = cbRead;
            Seg.pvSeg = pMetaXfer->abData;

            VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(pMetaXfer->fFlags, VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_READ);
            rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnReadAsync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                                   pIoStorage->pStorage,
                                                   uOffset, &Seg, 1,
                                                   cbRead, pIoTask, &pvTask);

            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
            {
                bool fInserted = RTAvlrFileOffsetInsert(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, &pMetaXfer->Core);
                Assert(fInserted);
            }
            else
                RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);

            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(pMetaXfer->fFlags, VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE);
                vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pIoTask);
            }
            else if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS && !pfnComplete)
                rc = VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA;
        }

        Assert(VALID_PTR(pMetaXfer) || RT_FAILURE(rc));

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) || rc == VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA || rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
        {
            /* If it is pending add the request to the list. */
            if (VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_GET(pMetaXfer->fFlags) == VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_READ)
            {
                PVDIOCTXDEFERRED pDeferred = (PVDIOCTXDEFERRED)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIOCTXDEFERRED));
                AssertPtr(pDeferred);

                RTListInit(&pDeferred->NodeDeferred);
                pDeferred->pIoCtx = pIoCtx;

                ASMAtomicIncU32(&pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending);
                RTListAppend(&pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting, &pDeferred->NodeDeferred);
                rc = VERR_VD_NOT_ENOUGH_METADATA;
            }
            else
            {
                /* Transfer the data. */
                pMetaXfer->cRefs++;
                Assert(pMetaXfer->cbMeta >= cbRead);
                Assert(pMetaXfer->Core.Key == (RTFOFF)uOffset);
                memcpy(pvBuf, pMetaXfer->abData, cbRead);
                *ppMetaXfer = pMetaXfer;
            }
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

static int vdIOIntWriteMeta(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, uint64_t uOffset,
                            const void *pvBuf, size_t cbWrite, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                            PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete, void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    RTSGSEG Seg;
    PVDIOTASK pIoTask;
    PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer = NULL;
    bool fInTree = false;
    void *pvTask = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pvUser=%#p pIoStorage=%#p uOffset=%llu pvBuf=%#p cbWrite=%u\n",
                 pvUser, pIoStorage, uOffset, pvBuf, cbWrite));

    AssertMsgReturn(   pIoCtx
                    || (!pfnComplete && !pvCompleteUser),
                    ("A synchronous metadata write is requested but the parameters are wrong\n"),
                    VERR_INVALID_POINTER);

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (   pIoCtx
        && !(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    if (   !pIoCtx
        || pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC)
    {
        /* Handle synchronous metadata I/O. */
        /** @todo: Integrate with metadata transfers below. */
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnWriteSync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                               pIoStorage->pStorage, uOffset,
                                               pvBuf, cbWrite, NULL);
    }
    else
    {
        pMetaXfer = (PVDMETAXFER)RTAvlrFileOffsetGet(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, uOffset);
        if (!pMetaXfer)
        {
            /* Allocate a new meta transfer. */
            pMetaXfer = vdMetaXferAlloc(pIoStorage, uOffset, cbWrite);
            if (!pMetaXfer)
                return VERR_NO_MEMORY;
        }
        else
        {
            Assert(pMetaXfer->cbMeta >= cbWrite);
            Assert(pMetaXfer->Core.Key == (RTFOFF)uOffset);
            fInTree = true;
        }

        Assert(VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_GET(pMetaXfer->fFlags) == VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE);

        pIoTask = vdIoTaskMetaAlloc(pIoStorage, pfnComplete, pvCompleteUser, pMetaXfer);
        if (!pIoTask)
        {
            RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
            return VERR_NO_MEMORY;
        }

        memcpy(pMetaXfer->abData, pvBuf, cbWrite);
        Seg.cbSeg = cbWrite;
        Seg.pvSeg = pMetaXfer->abData;

        ASMAtomicIncU32(&pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending);

        VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(pMetaXfer->fFlags, VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_WRITE);
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnWriteAsync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                                pIoStorage->pStorage,
                                                uOffset, &Seg, 1, cbWrite, pIoTask,
                                                &pvTask);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(pMetaXfer->fFlags, VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE);
            ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending);
            vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pIoTask);
            if (fInTree && !pMetaXfer->cRefs)
            {
                LogFlow(("Removing meta xfer=%#p\n", pMetaXfer));
                bool fRemoved = RTAvlrFileOffsetRemove(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, pMetaXfer->Core.Key) != NULL;
                AssertMsg(fRemoved, ("Metadata transfer wasn't removed\n"));
                RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
                pMetaXfer = NULL;
            }
        }
        else if (rc == VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
        {
            PVDIOCTXDEFERRED pDeferred = (PVDIOCTXDEFERRED)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIOCTXDEFERRED));
            AssertPtr(pDeferred);

            RTListInit(&pDeferred->NodeDeferred);
            pDeferred->pIoCtx = pIoCtx;

            if (!fInTree)
            {
                bool fInserted = RTAvlrFileOffsetInsert(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, &pMetaXfer->Core);
                Assert(fInserted);
            }

            RTListAppend(&pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting, &pDeferred->NodeDeferred);
        }
        else
        {
            RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
            pMetaXfer = NULL;
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

static void vdIOIntMetaXferRelease(void *pvUser, PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;
    PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage;

    /*
     * It is possible that we get called with a NULL metadata xfer handle
     * for synchronous I/O. Just exit.
     */
    if (!pMetaXfer)
        return;

    pIoStorage = pMetaXfer->pIoStorage;

    VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    Assert(   VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_GET(pMetaXfer->fFlags) == VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE
           || VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_GET(pMetaXfer->fFlags) == VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_WRITE);
    Assert(pMetaXfer->cRefs > 0);

    pMetaXfer->cRefs--;
    if (   !pMetaXfer->cRefs
        && RTListIsEmpty(&pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting)
        && VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_GET(pMetaXfer->fFlags) == VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE)
    {
        /* Free the meta data entry. */
        LogFlow(("Removing meta xfer=%#p\n", pMetaXfer));
        bool fRemoved = RTAvlrFileOffsetRemove(pIoStorage->pTreeMetaXfers, pMetaXfer->Core.Key) != NULL;
        AssertMsg(fRemoved, ("Metadata transfer wasn't removed\n"));

        RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
    }
}

static int vdIOIntFlush(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                        PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete, void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDIOTASK pIoTask;
    PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer = NULL;
    void *pvTask = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pvUser=%#p pIoStorage=%#p pIoCtx=%#p\n",
                 pvUser, pIoStorage, pIoCtx));

    AssertMsgReturn(   pIoCtx
                    || (!pfnComplete && !pvCompleteUser),
                    ("A synchronous metadata write is requested but the parameters are wrong\n"),
                    VERR_INVALID_POINTER);

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (   pIoCtx
        && !(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    if (pVDIo->fIgnoreFlush)
        return VINF_SUCCESS;

    if (   !pIoCtx
        || pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC)
    {
        /* Handle synchronous flushes. */
        /** @todo: Integrate with metadata transfers below. */
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnFlushSync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                               pIoStorage->pStorage);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Allocate a new meta transfer. */
        pMetaXfer = vdMetaXferAlloc(pIoStorage, 0, 0);
        if (!pMetaXfer)
            return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

        pIoTask = vdIoTaskMetaAlloc(pIoStorage, pfnComplete, pvUser, pMetaXfer);
        if (!pIoTask)
        {
            RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
            return VERR_NO_MEMORY;
        }

        ASMAtomicIncU32(&pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending);

        PVDIOCTXDEFERRED pDeferred = (PVDIOCTXDEFERRED)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIOCTXDEFERRED));
        AssertPtr(pDeferred);

        RTListInit(&pDeferred->NodeDeferred);
        pDeferred->pIoCtx = pIoCtx;

        RTListAppend(&pMetaXfer->ListIoCtxWaiting, &pDeferred->NodeDeferred);
        VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(pMetaXfer->fFlags, VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_FLUSH);
        rc = pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->pfnFlushAsync(pVDIo->pInterfaceIo->Core.pvUser,
                                                pIoStorage->pStorage,
                                                pIoTask, &pvTask);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_SET(pMetaXfer->fFlags, VDMETAXFER_TXDIR_NONE);
            ASMAtomicDecU32(&pIoCtx->cMetaTransfersPending);
            vdIoTaskFree(pDisk, pIoTask);
            RTMemFree(pDeferred);
            RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
        }
        else if (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
            RTMemFree(pMetaXfer);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns rc=%Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

static size_t vdIOIntIoCtxCopyTo(void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                                 const void *pvBuf, size_t cbBuf)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;
    size_t cbCopied = 0;

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    cbCopied = vdIoCtxCopyTo(pIoCtx, (uint8_t *)pvBuf, cbBuf);
    Assert(cbCopied == cbBuf);

    ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbCopied);

    return cbCopied;
}

static size_t vdIOIntIoCtxCopyFrom(void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                                   void *pvBuf, size_t cbBuf)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;
    size_t cbCopied = 0;

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    cbCopied = vdIoCtxCopyFrom(pIoCtx, (uint8_t *)pvBuf, cbBuf);
    Assert(cbCopied == cbBuf);

    ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbCopied);

    return cbCopied;
}

static size_t vdIOIntIoCtxSet(void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, int ch, size_t cb)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;
    size_t cbSet = 0;

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    cbSet = vdIoCtxSet(pIoCtx, ch, cb);
    Assert(cbSet == cb);

    ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbSet);

    return cbSet;
}

static size_t vdIOIntIoCtxSegArrayCreate(void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                                         PRTSGSEG paSeg, unsigned *pcSeg,
                                         size_t cbData)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;
    size_t cbCreated = 0;

    /** @todo: Enable check for sync I/O later. */
    if (!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC))
        VD_IS_LOCKED(pDisk);

    cbCreated = RTSgBufSegArrayCreate(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, paSeg, pcSeg, cbData);
    Assert(!paSeg || cbData == cbCreated);

    return cbCreated;
}

static void vdIOIntIoCtxCompleted(void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, int rcReq,
                                  size_t cbCompleted)
{
    PVDIO    pVDIo = (PVDIO)pvUser;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = pVDIo->pDisk;

    LogFlowFunc(("pvUser=%#p pIoCtx=%#p rcReq=%Rrc cbCompleted=%zu\n",
                 pvUser, pIoCtx, rcReq, cbCompleted));

    /*
     * Grab the disk critical section to avoid races with other threads which
     * might still modify the I/O context.
     * Example is that iSCSI is doing an asynchronous write but calls us already
     * while the other thread is still hanging in vdWriteHelperAsync and couldn't update
     * the blocked state yet.
     * It can overwrite the state to true before we call vdIoCtxContinue and the
     * the request would hang indefinite.
     */
    ASMAtomicCmpXchgS32(&pIoCtx->rcReq, rcReq, VINF_SUCCESS);
    ASMAtomicSubU32(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft, cbCompleted);

    /* Set next transfer function if the current one finished.
     * @todo: Find a better way to prevent vdIoCtxContinue from calling the current helper again. */
    if (!pIoCtx->Req.Io.cbTransferLeft)
    {
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransfer = pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext;
        pIoCtx->pfnIoCtxTransferNext = NULL;
    }

    vdIoCtxAddToWaitingList(&pDisk->pIoCtxHaltedHead, pIoCtx);
    if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pDisk->fLocked, true, false))
    {
        /* Immediately drop the lock again, it will take care of processing the list. */
        vdDiskUnlock(pDisk, NULL);
    }
}

static DECLCALLBACK(bool) vdIOIntIoCtxIsSynchronous(void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx)
{
    NOREF(pvUser);
    return !!(pIoCtx->fFlags & VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);
}

static DECLCALLBACK(bool) vdIOIntIoCtxIsZero(void *pvUser, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx, size_t cbCheck,
                                             bool fAdvance)
{
    NOREF(pvUser);

    bool fIsZero = RTSgBufIsZero(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbCheck);
    if (fIsZero && fAdvance)
        RTSgBufAdvance(&pIoCtx->Req.Io.SgBuf, cbCheck);

    return fIsZero;
}

/**
 * VD I/O interface callback for opening a file (limited version for VDGetFormat).
 */
static int vdIOIntOpenLimited(void *pvUser, const char *pszLocation,
                              uint32_t fOpen, PPVDIOSTORAGE ppIoStorage)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage = (PVDIOSTORAGE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIOSTORAGE));

    if (!pIoStorage)
        return VERR_NO_MEMORY;

    rc = pInterfaceIo->pfnOpen(NULL, pszLocation, fOpen, NULL, &pIoStorage->pStorage);
    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        *ppIoStorage = pIoStorage;
    else
        RTMemFree(pIoStorage);

    return rc;
}

static int vdIOIntCloseLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    int rc = pInterfaceIo->pfnClose(NULL, pIoStorage->pStorage);

    RTMemFree(pIoStorage);
    return rc;
}

static int vdIOIntDeleteLimited(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    return pInterfaceIo->pfnDelete(NULL, pcszFilename);
}

static int vdIOIntMoveLimited(void *pvUser, const char *pcszSrc,
                              const char *pcszDst, unsigned fMove)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    return pInterfaceIo->pfnMove(NULL, pcszSrc, pcszDst, fMove);
}

static int vdIOIntGetFreeSpaceLimited(void *pvUser, const char *pcszFilename,
                                      int64_t *pcbFreeSpace)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    return pInterfaceIo->pfnGetFreeSpace(NULL, pcszFilename, pcbFreeSpace);
}

static int vdIOIntGetModificationTimeLimited(void *pvUser,
                                             const char *pcszFilename,
                                             PRTTIMESPEC pModificationTime)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    return pInterfaceIo->pfnGetModificationTime(NULL, pcszFilename, pModificationTime);
}

static int vdIOIntGetSizeLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage,
                                 uint64_t *pcbSize)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    return pInterfaceIo->pfnGetSize(NULL, pIoStorage->pStorage, pcbSize);
}

static int vdIOIntSetSizeLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pIoStorage,
                                 uint64_t cbSize)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;
    return pInterfaceIo->pfnSetSize(NULL, pIoStorage->pStorage, cbSize);
}

static int vdIOIntWriteUserLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pStorage,
                                   uint64_t uOffset, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                                   size_t cbWrite,
                                   PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete,
                                   void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    NOREF(pvUser);
    NOREF(pStorage);
    NOREF(uOffset);
    NOREF(pIoCtx);
    NOREF(cbWrite);
    NOREF(pfnComplete);
    NOREF(pvCompleteUser);
    AssertMsgFailedReturn(("This needs to be implemented when called\n"), VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
}

static int vdIOIntReadUserLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pStorage,
                                  uint64_t uOffset, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                                  size_t cbRead)
{
    NOREF(pvUser);
    NOREF(pStorage);
    NOREF(uOffset);
    NOREF(pIoCtx);
    NOREF(cbRead);
    AssertMsgFailedReturn(("This needs to be implemented when called\n"), VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
}

static int vdIOIntWriteMetaLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pStorage,
                                   uint64_t uOffset, const void *pvBuffer,
                                   size_t cbBuffer, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                                   PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete,
                                   void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;

    AssertMsgReturn(!pIoCtx && !pfnComplete && !pvCompleteUser,
                    ("Async I/O not implemented for the limited interface"),
                    VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);

    return pInterfaceIo->pfnWriteSync(NULL, pStorage->pStorage, uOffset, pvBuffer, cbBuffer, NULL);
}

static int vdIOIntReadMetaLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pStorage,
                                  uint64_t uOffset, void *pvBuffer,
                                  size_t cbBuffer, PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                                  PPVDMETAXFER ppMetaXfer,
                                  PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete,
                                  void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;

    AssertMsgReturn(!pIoCtx && !ppMetaXfer && !pfnComplete && !pvCompleteUser,
                    ("Async I/O not implemented for the limited interface"),
                    VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);

    return pInterfaceIo->pfnReadSync(NULL, pStorage->pStorage, uOffset, pvBuffer, cbBuffer, NULL);
}

static int vdIOIntMetaXferReleaseLimited(void *pvUser, PVDMETAXFER pMetaXfer)
{
    /* This is a NOP in this case. */
    NOREF(pvUser);
    NOREF(pMetaXfer);
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

static int vdIOIntFlushLimited(void *pvUser, PVDIOSTORAGE pStorage,
                               PVDIOCTX pIoCtx,
                               PFNVDXFERCOMPLETED pfnComplete,
                               void *pvCompleteUser)
{
    PVDINTERFACEIO pInterfaceIo = (PVDINTERFACEIO)pvUser;

    AssertMsgReturn(!pIoCtx && !pfnComplete && !pvCompleteUser,
                    ("Async I/O not implemented for the limited interface"),
                    VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);

    return pInterfaceIo->pfnFlushSync(NULL, pStorage->pStorage);
}

/**
 * internal: send output to the log (unconditionally).
 */
int vdLogMessage(void *pvUser, const char *pszFormat, va_list args)
{
    NOREF(pvUser);
    RTLogPrintfV(pszFormat, args);
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}

DECLINLINE(int) vdMessageWrapper(PVBOXHDD pDisk, const char *pszFormat, ...)
{
    va_list va;
    va_start(va, pszFormat);
    int rc = pDisk->pInterfaceError->pfnMessage(pDisk->pInterfaceError->Core.pvUser,
                                                pszFormat, va);
    va_end(va);
    return rc;
}


/**
 * internal: adjust PCHS geometry
 */
static void vdFixupPCHSGeometry(PVDGEOMETRY pPCHS, uint64_t cbSize)
{
    /* Fix broken PCHS geometry. Can happen for two reasons: either the backend
     * mixes up PCHS and LCHS, or the application used to create the source
     * image has put garbage in it. Additionally, if the PCHS geometry covers
     * more than the image size, set it back to the default. */
    if (   pPCHS->cHeads > 16
        || pPCHS->cSectors > 63
        || pPCHS->cCylinders == 0
        || (uint64_t)pPCHS->cHeads * pPCHS->cSectors * pPCHS->cCylinders * 512 > cbSize)
    {
        Assert(!(RT_MIN(cbSize / 512 / 16 / 63, 16383) - (uint32_t)RT_MIN(cbSize / 512 / 16 / 63, 16383)));
        pPCHS->cCylinders = (uint32_t)RT_MIN(cbSize / 512 / 16 / 63, 16383);
        pPCHS->cHeads = 16;
        pPCHS->cSectors = 63;
    }
}

/**
 * internal: adjust PCHS geometry
 */
static void vdFixupLCHSGeometry(PVDGEOMETRY pLCHS, uint64_t cbSize)
{
    /* Fix broken LCHS geometry. Can happen for two reasons: either the backend
     * mixes up PCHS and LCHS, or the application used to create the source
     * image has put garbage in it. The fix in this case is to clear the LCHS
     * geometry to trigger autodetection when it is used next. If the geometry
     * already says "please autodetect" (cylinders=0) keep it. */
    if (   (   pLCHS->cHeads > 255
            || pLCHS->cHeads == 0
            || pLCHS->cSectors > 63
            || pLCHS->cSectors == 0)
        && pLCHS->cCylinders != 0)
    {
        pLCHS->cCylinders = 0;
        pLCHS->cHeads = 0;
        pLCHS->cSectors = 0;
    }
    /* Always recompute the number of cylinders stored in the LCHS
     * geometry if it isn't set to "autotedetect" at the moment.
     * This is very useful if the destination image size is
     * larger or smaller than the source image size. Do not modify
     * the number of heads and sectors. Windows guests hate it. */
    if (   pLCHS->cCylinders != 0
        && pLCHS->cHeads != 0 /* paranoia */
        && pLCHS->cSectors != 0 /* paranoia */)
    {
        Assert(!(RT_MIN(cbSize / 512 / pLCHS->cHeads / pLCHS->cSectors, 1024) - (uint32_t)RT_MIN(cbSize / 512 / pLCHS->cHeads / pLCHS->cSectors, 1024)));
        pLCHS->cCylinders = (uint32_t)RT_MIN(cbSize / 512 / pLCHS->cHeads / pLCHS->cSectors, 1024);
    }
}

/**
 * Sets the I/O callbacks of the given interface to the fallback methods
 *
 * @returns nothing.
 * @param   pIfIo    The I/O interface to setup.
 */
static void vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(PVDINTERFACEIO pIfIo)
{
    pIfIo->pfnOpen                = vdIOOpenFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnClose               = vdIOCloseFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnDelete              = vdIODeleteFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnMove                = vdIOMoveFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnGetFreeSpace        = vdIOGetFreeSpaceFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnGetModificationTime = vdIOGetModificationTimeFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnGetSize             = vdIOGetSizeFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnSetSize             = vdIOSetSizeFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnReadSync            = vdIOReadSyncFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnWriteSync           = vdIOWriteSyncFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnFlushSync           = vdIOFlushSyncFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnReadAsync           = vdIOReadAsyncFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnWriteAsync          = vdIOWriteAsyncFallback;
    pIfIo->pfnFlushAsync          = vdIOFlushAsyncFallback;
}

/**
 * Sets the internal I/O callbacks of the given interface.
 *
 * @returns nothing.
 * @param   pIfIoInt    The internal I/O interface to setup.
 */
static void vdIfIoIntCallbacksSetup(PVDINTERFACEIOINT pIfIoInt)
{
    pIfIoInt->pfnOpen                = vdIOIntOpen;
    pIfIoInt->pfnClose               = vdIOIntClose;
    pIfIoInt->pfnDelete              = vdIOIntDelete;
    pIfIoInt->pfnMove                = vdIOIntMove;
    pIfIoInt->pfnGetFreeSpace        = vdIOIntGetFreeSpace;
    pIfIoInt->pfnGetModificationTime = vdIOIntGetModificationTime;
    pIfIoInt->pfnGetSize             = vdIOIntGetSize;
    pIfIoInt->pfnSetSize             = vdIOIntSetSize;
    pIfIoInt->pfnReadUser            = vdIOIntReadUser;
    pIfIoInt->pfnWriteUser           = vdIOIntWriteUser;
    pIfIoInt->pfnReadMeta            = vdIOIntReadMeta;
    pIfIoInt->pfnWriteMeta           = vdIOIntWriteMeta;
    pIfIoInt->pfnMetaXferRelease     = vdIOIntMetaXferRelease;
    pIfIoInt->pfnFlush               = vdIOIntFlush;
    pIfIoInt->pfnIoCtxCopyFrom       = vdIOIntIoCtxCopyFrom;
    pIfIoInt->pfnIoCtxCopyTo         = vdIOIntIoCtxCopyTo;
    pIfIoInt->pfnIoCtxSet            = vdIOIntIoCtxSet;
    pIfIoInt->pfnIoCtxSegArrayCreate = vdIOIntIoCtxSegArrayCreate;
    pIfIoInt->pfnIoCtxCompleted      = vdIOIntIoCtxCompleted;
    pIfIoInt->pfnIoCtxIsSynchronous  = vdIOIntIoCtxIsSynchronous;
    pIfIoInt->pfnIoCtxIsZero         = vdIOIntIoCtxIsZero;
}

/**
 * Internally used completion handler for synchronous I/O contexts.
 */
static DECLCALLBACK(void) vdIoCtxSyncComplete(void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2, int rcReq)
{
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = (PVBOXHDD)pvUser1;

    pDisk->rcSync = rcReq;
    RTSemEventSignal(pDisk->hEventSemSyncIo);
}

/**
 * Initializes HDD backends.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDInit(void)
{
    int rc = vdAddBackends(aStaticBackends, RT_ELEMENTS(aStaticBackends));
    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        rc = vdAddCacheBackends(aStaticCacheBackends, RT_ELEMENTS(aStaticCacheBackends));
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            rc = vdLoadDynamicBackends();
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
                rc = vdLoadDynamicCacheBackends();
        }
    }
    LogRel(("VDInit finished\n"));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Destroys loaded HDD backends.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDShutdown(void)
{
    PVBOXHDDBACKEND *pBackends = g_apBackends;
    PVDCACHEBACKEND *pCacheBackends = g_apCacheBackends;
    unsigned cBackends = g_cBackends;

    if (!pBackends)
        return VERR_INTERNAL_ERROR;

    g_cBackends = 0;
    g_apBackends = NULL;

#ifndef VBOX_HDD_NO_DYNAMIC_BACKENDS
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < cBackends; i++)
        if (pBackends[i]->hPlugin != NIL_RTLDRMOD)
            RTLdrClose(pBackends[i]->hPlugin);
#endif

    /* Clear the supported cache backends. */
    cBackends = g_cCacheBackends;
    g_cCacheBackends = 0;
    g_apCacheBackends = NULL;

#ifndef VBOX_HDD_NO_DYNAMIC_BACKENDS
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < cBackends; i++)
        if (pCacheBackends[i]->hPlugin != NIL_RTLDRMOD)
            RTLdrClose(pCacheBackends[i]->hPlugin);
#endif

    if (pCacheBackends)
        RTMemFree(pCacheBackends);
    RTMemFree(pBackends);
    return VINF_SUCCESS;
}


/**
 * Lists all HDD backends and their capabilities in a caller-provided buffer.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 *          VERR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW if not enough space is passed.
 * @param   cEntriesAlloc   Number of list entries available.
 * @param   pEntries        Pointer to array for the entries.
 * @param   pcEntriesUsed   Number of entries returned.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDBackendInfo(unsigned cEntriesAlloc, PVDBACKENDINFO pEntries,
                                unsigned *pcEntriesUsed)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PRTDIR pPluginDir = NULL;
    unsigned cEntries = 0;

    LogFlowFunc(("cEntriesAlloc=%u pEntries=%#p pcEntriesUsed=%#p\n", cEntriesAlloc, pEntries, pcEntriesUsed));
    /* Check arguments. */
    AssertMsgReturn(cEntriesAlloc,
                    ("cEntriesAlloc=%u\n", cEntriesAlloc),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(pEntries),
                    ("pEntries=%#p\n", pEntries),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(pcEntriesUsed),
                    ("pcEntriesUsed=%#p\n", pcEntriesUsed),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    if (!g_apBackends)
        VDInit();

    if (cEntriesAlloc < g_cBackends)
    {
        *pcEntriesUsed = g_cBackends;
        return VERR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW;
    }

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_cBackends; i++)
    {
        pEntries[i].pszBackend = g_apBackends[i]->pszBackendName;
        pEntries[i].uBackendCaps = g_apBackends[i]->uBackendCaps;
        pEntries[i].paFileExtensions = g_apBackends[i]->paFileExtensions;
        pEntries[i].paConfigInfo = g_apBackends[i]->paConfigInfo;
        pEntries[i].pfnComposeLocation = g_apBackends[i]->pfnComposeLocation;
        pEntries[i].pfnComposeName = g_apBackends[i]->pfnComposeName;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc *pcEntriesUsed=%u\n", rc, cEntries));
    *pcEntriesUsed = g_cBackends;
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Lists the capabilities of a backend identified by its name.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pszBackend      The backend name.
 * @param   pEntries        Pointer to an entry.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDBackendInfoOne(const char *pszBackend, PVDBACKENDINFO pEntry)
{
    LogFlowFunc(("pszBackend=%#p pEntry=%#p\n", pszBackend, pEntry));
    /* Check arguments. */
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(pszBackend),
                    ("pszBackend=%#p\n", pszBackend),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(pEntry),
                    ("pEntry=%#p\n", pEntry),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    if (!g_apBackends)
        VDInit();

    /* Go through loaded backends. */
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_cBackends; i++)
    {
        if (!RTStrICmp(pszBackend, g_apBackends[i]->pszBackendName))
        {
            pEntry->pszBackend = g_apBackends[i]->pszBackendName;
            pEntry->uBackendCaps = g_apBackends[i]->uBackendCaps;
            pEntry->paFileExtensions = g_apBackends[i]->paFileExtensions;
            pEntry->paConfigInfo = g_apBackends[i]->paConfigInfo;
            return VINF_SUCCESS;
        }
    }

    return VERR_NOT_FOUND;
}

/**
 * Allocates and initializes an empty HDD container.
 * No image files are opened.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pVDIfsDisk      Pointer to the per-disk VD interface list.
 * @param   enmType         Type of the image container.
 * @param   ppDisk          Where to store the reference to HDD container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCreate(PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsDisk, VDTYPE enmType, PVBOXHDD *ppDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    PVBOXHDD pDisk = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pVDIfsDisk=%#p\n", pVDIfsDisk));
    do
    {
        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(ppDisk),
                           ("ppDisk=%#p\n", ppDisk),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        pDisk = (PVBOXHDD)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VBOXHDD));
        if (pDisk)
        {
            pDisk->u32Signature            = VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE;
            pDisk->enmType                 = enmType;
            pDisk->cImages                 = 0;
            pDisk->pBase                   = NULL;
            pDisk->pLast                   = NULL;
            pDisk->cbSize                  = 0;
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads     = 0;
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors   = 0;
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads     = 0;
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors   = 0;
            pDisk->pVDIfsDisk              = pVDIfsDisk;
            pDisk->pInterfaceError         = NULL;
            pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync    = NULL;
            pDisk->pIoCtxLockOwner         = NULL;
            pDisk->pIoCtxHead              = NULL;
            pDisk->fLocked                 = false;
            pDisk->hEventSemSyncIo         = NIL_RTSEMEVENT;
            pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx          = NIL_RTMEMCACHE;
            pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask         = NIL_RTMEMCACHE;

            rc = RTSemEventCreate(&pDisk->hEventSemSyncIo);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;

            /* Create the I/O ctx cache */
            rc = RTMemCacheCreate(&pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx, sizeof(VDIOCTX), 0, UINT32_MAX,
                                  NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;

            /* Create the I/O task cache */
            rc = RTMemCacheCreate(&pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask, sizeof(VDIOTASK), 0, UINT32_MAX,
                                  NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;

            pDisk->pInterfaceError      = VDIfErrorGet(pVDIfsDisk);
            pDisk->pInterfaceThreadSync = VDIfThreadSyncGet(pVDIfsDisk);

            *ppDisk = pDisk;
        }
        else
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }
    } while (0);

    if (   RT_FAILURE(rc)
        && pDisk)
    {
        if (pDisk->hEventSemSyncIo != NIL_RTSEMEVENT)
            RTSemEventDestroy(pDisk->hEventSemSyncIo);
        if (pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx != NIL_RTMEMCACHE)
            RTMemCacheDestroy(pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx);
        if (pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask != NIL_RTMEMCACHE)
            RTMemCacheDestroy(pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc (pDisk=%#p)\n", rc, pDisk));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Destroys HDD container.
 * If container has opened image files they will be closed.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDDestroy(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreak(pDisk);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));
        Assert(!pDisk->fLocked);

        rc = VDCloseAll(pDisk);
        RTMemCacheDestroy(pDisk->hMemCacheIoCtx);
        RTMemCacheDestroy(pDisk->hMemCacheIoTask);
        RTSemEventDestroy(pDisk->hEventSemSyncIo);
        RTMemFree(pDisk);
    } while (0);
    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Try to get the backend name which can use this image.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 *          VINF_SUCCESS if a plugin was found.
 *                       ppszFormat contains the string which can be used as backend name.
 *          VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if no backend was found.
 * @param   pVDIfsDisk      Pointer to the per-disk VD interface list.
 * @param   pVDIfsImage     Pointer to the per-image VD interface list.
 * @param   pszFilename     Name of the image file for which the backend is queried.
 * @param   ppszFormat      Receives pointer of the UTF-8 string which contains the format name.
 *                          The returned pointer must be freed using RTStrFree().
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetFormat(PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsDisk, PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsImage,
                              const char *pszFilename, char **ppszFormat, VDTYPE *penmType)
{
    int rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
    VDINTERFACEIOINT VDIfIoInt;
    VDINTERFACEIO    VDIfIoFallback;
    PVDINTERFACEIO   pInterfaceIo;

    LogFlowFunc(("pszFilename=\"%s\"\n", pszFilename));
    /* Check arguments. */
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                    ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(ppszFormat),
                    ("ppszFormat=%#p\n", ppszFormat),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(penmType),
                    ("penmType=%#p\n", penmType),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

    if (!g_apBackends)
        VDInit();

    pInterfaceIo = VDIfIoGet(pVDIfsImage);
    if (!pInterfaceIo)
    {
        /*
         * Caller doesn't provide an I/O interface, create our own using the
         * native file API.
         */
        vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(&VDIfIoFallback);
        pInterfaceIo = &VDIfIoFallback;
    }

    /* Set up the internal I/O interface. */
    AssertReturn(!VDIfIoIntGet(pVDIfsImage), VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    VDIfIoInt.pfnOpen                   = vdIOIntOpenLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnClose                  = vdIOIntCloseLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnDelete                 = vdIOIntDeleteLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnMove                   = vdIOIntMoveLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnGetFreeSpace           = vdIOIntGetFreeSpaceLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnGetModificationTime    = vdIOIntGetModificationTimeLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnGetSize                = vdIOIntGetSizeLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnSetSize                = vdIOIntSetSizeLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnReadUser               = vdIOIntReadUserLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnWriteUser              = vdIOIntWriteUserLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnReadMeta               = vdIOIntReadMetaLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnWriteMeta              = vdIOIntWriteMetaLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnFlush                  = vdIOIntFlushLimited;
    rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&VDIfIoInt.Core, "VD_IOINT", VDINTERFACETYPE_IOINT,
                        pInterfaceIo, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIOINT), &pVDIfsImage);
    AssertRC(rc);

    /* Find the backend supporting this file format. */
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_cBackends; i++)
    {
        if (g_apBackends[i]->pfnCheckIfValid)
        {
            rc = g_apBackends[i]->pfnCheckIfValid(pszFilename, pVDIfsDisk,
                                                  pVDIfsImage, penmType);
            if (    RT_SUCCESS(rc)
                /* The correct backend has been found, but there is a small
                 * incompatibility so that the file cannot be used. Stop here
                 * and signal success - the actual open will of course fail,
                 * but that will create a really sensible error message. */
                ||  (   rc != VERR_VD_GEN_INVALID_HEADER
                     && rc != VERR_VD_VDI_INVALID_HEADER
                     && rc != VERR_VD_VMDK_INVALID_HEADER
                     && rc != VERR_VD_ISCSI_INVALID_HEADER
                     && rc != VERR_VD_VHD_INVALID_HEADER
                     && rc != VERR_VD_RAW_INVALID_HEADER
                     && rc != VERR_VD_PARALLELS_INVALID_HEADER
                     && rc != VERR_VD_DMG_INVALID_HEADER))
            {
                /* Copy the name into the new string. */
                char *pszFormat = RTStrDup(g_apBackends[i]->pszBackendName);
                if (!pszFormat)
                {
                    rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
                    break;
                }
                *ppszFormat = pszFormat;
                /* Do not consider the typical file access errors as success,
                 * which allows the caller to deal with such issues. */
                if (   rc != VERR_ACCESS_DENIED
                    && rc != VERR_PATH_NOT_FOUND
                    && rc != VERR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)
                    rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
                break;
            }
            rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }
    }

    /* Try the cache backends. */
    if (rc == VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED)
    {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_cCacheBackends; i++)
        {
            if (g_apCacheBackends[i]->pfnProbe)
            {
                rc = g_apCacheBackends[i]->pfnProbe(pszFilename, pVDIfsDisk,
                                                    pVDIfsImage);
                if (    RT_SUCCESS(rc)
                    ||  (rc != VERR_VD_GEN_INVALID_HEADER))
                {
                    /* Copy the name into the new string. */
                    char *pszFormat = RTStrDup(g_apBackends[i]->pszBackendName);
                    if (!pszFormat)
                    {
                        rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
                        break;
                    }
                    *ppszFormat = pszFormat;
                    rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
                    break;
                }
                rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
            }
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc *ppszFormat=\"%s\"\n", rc, *ppszFormat));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Opens an image file.
 *
 * The first opened image file in HDD container must have a base image type,
 * others (next opened images) must be a differencing or undo images.
 * Linkage is checked for differencing image to be in consistence with the previously opened image.
 * When another differencing image is opened and the last image was opened in read/write access
 * mode, then the last image is reopened in read-only with deny write sharing mode. This allows
 * other processes to use images in read-only mode too.
 *
 * Note that the image is opened in read-only mode if a read/write open is not possible.
 * Use VDIsReadOnly to check open mode.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   pszBackend      Name of the image file backend to use.
 * @param   pszFilename     Name of the image file to open.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 * @param   pVDIfsImage     Pointer to the per-image VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDOpen(PVBOXHDD pDisk, const char *pszBackend,
                         const char *pszFilename, unsigned uOpenFlags,
                         PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsImage)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;
    PVDIMAGE pImage = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pszBackend=\"%s\" pszFilename=\"%s\" uOpenFlags=%#x, pVDIfsImage=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, pszBackend, pszFilename, uOpenFlags, pVDIfsImage));

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszBackend) && *pszBackend,
                           ("pszBackend=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszBackend, pszBackend),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                           ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uOpenFlags=%#x\n", uOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(   !(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_SKIP_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS)
                           ||  (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY),
                           ("uOpenFlags=%#x\n", uOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        /*
         * Destroy the current discard state first which might still have pending blocks
         * for the currently opened image which will be switched to readonly mode.
         */
        /* Lock disk for writing, as we modify pDisk information below. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;
        rc = vdDiscardStateDestroy(pDisk);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = false;

        /* Set up image descriptor. */
        pImage = (PVDIMAGE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIMAGE));
        if (!pImage)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }
        pImage->pszFilename = RTStrDup(pszFilename);
        if (!pImage->pszFilename)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        pImage->VDIo.pDisk  = pDisk;
        pImage->pVDIfsImage = pVDIfsImage;

        rc = vdFindBackend(pszBackend, &pImage->Backend);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;
        if (!pImage->Backend)
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: unknown backend name '%s'"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }

        /*
         * Fail if the backend can't do async I/O but the
         * flag is set.
         */
        if (   !(pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps & VD_CAP_ASYNC)
            && (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_ASYNC_IO))
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: Backend '%s' does not support async I/O"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }

        /*
         * Fail if the backend doesn't support the discard operation but the
         * flag is set.
         */
        if (   !(pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps & VD_CAP_DISCARD)
            && (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_DISCARD))
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_VD_DISCARD_NOT_SUPPORTED, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: Backend '%s' does not support discard"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }

        /* Set up the I/O interface. */
        pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = VDIfIoGet(pVDIfsImage);
        if (!pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo)
        {
            vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo);
            rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo.Core, "VD_IO", VDINTERFACETYPE_IO,
                                pDisk, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIO), &pVDIfsImage);
            pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = &pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo;
        }

        /* Set up the internal I/O interface. */
        AssertBreakStmt(!VDIfIoIntGet(pVDIfsImage), rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        vdIfIoIntCallbacksSetup(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIoInt);
        rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIoInt.Core, "VD_IOINT", VDINTERFACETYPE_IOINT,
                            &pImage->VDIo, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIOINT), &pImage->pVDIfsImage);
        AssertRC(rc);

        pImage->uOpenFlags = uOpenFlags & (VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_DISCARD | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFORM_ABOUT_ZERO_BLOCKS);
        pImage->VDIo.fIgnoreFlush = (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH) != 0;
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnOpen(pImage->pszFilename,
                                      uOpenFlags & ~(VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFORM_ABOUT_ZERO_BLOCKS),
                                      pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                      pImage->pVDIfsImage,
                                      pDisk->enmType,
                                      &pImage->pBackendData);
        /*
         * If the image is corrupted and there is a repair method try to repair it
         * first if it was openend in read-write mode and open again afterwards.
         */
        if (   RT_UNLIKELY(rc == VERR_VD_IMAGE_CORRUPTED)
            && pImage->Backend->pfnRepair)
        {
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnRepair(pszFilename, pDisk->pVDIfsDisk, pImage->pVDIfsImage, 0 /* fFlags */);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
                rc = pImage->Backend->pfnOpen(pImage->pszFilename,
                                              uOpenFlags & ~(VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFORM_ABOUT_ZERO_BLOCKS),
                                              pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                              pImage->pVDIfsImage,
                                              pDisk->enmType,
                                              &pImage->pBackendData);
            else
            {
                rc = vdError(pDisk, rc, RT_SRC_POS,
                             N_("VD: error %Rrc repairing corrupted image file '%s'"), rc, pszFilename);
                break;
            }
        }
        else if (RT_UNLIKELY(rc == VERR_VD_IMAGE_CORRUPTED))
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, rc, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: Image file '%s' is corrupted and can't be opened"), pszFilename);
            break;
        }

        /* If the open in read-write mode failed, retry in read-only mode. */
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
        {
            if (!(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY)
                &&  (   rc == VERR_ACCESS_DENIED
                     || rc == VERR_PERMISSION_DENIED
                     || rc == VERR_WRITE_PROTECT
                     || rc == VERR_SHARING_VIOLATION
                     || rc == VERR_FILE_LOCK_FAILED))
                rc = pImage->Backend->pfnOpen(pImage->pszFilename,
                                                (uOpenFlags & ~(VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFORM_ABOUT_ZERO_BLOCKS))
                                               | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY,
                                               pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                               pImage->pVDIfsImage,
                                               pDisk->enmType,
                                               &pImage->pBackendData);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            {
                rc = vdError(pDisk, rc, RT_SRC_POS,
                             N_("VD: error %Rrc opening image file '%s'"), rc, pszFilename);
                break;
            }
        }

        /* Lock disk for writing, as we modify pDisk information below. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        pImage->VDIo.pBackendData = pImage->pBackendData;

        /* Check image type. As the image itself has only partial knowledge
         * whether it's a base image or not, this info is derived here. The
         * base image can be fixed or normal, all others must be normal or
         * diff images. Some image formats don't distinguish between normal
         * and diff images, so this must be corrected here. */
        unsigned uImageFlags;
        uImageFlags = pImage->Backend->pfnGetImageFlags(pImage->pBackendData);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            uImageFlags = VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_NONE;
        if (    RT_SUCCESS(rc)
            &&  !(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFO))
        {
            if (    pDisk->cImages == 0
                &&  (uImageFlags & VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_DIFF))
            {
                rc = VERR_VD_INVALID_TYPE;
                break;
            }
            else if (pDisk->cImages != 0)
            {
                if (uImageFlags & VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_FIXED)
                {
                    rc = VERR_VD_INVALID_TYPE;
                    break;
                }
                else
                    uImageFlags |= VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_DIFF;
            }
        }

        /* Ensure we always get correct diff information, even if the backend
         * doesn't actually have a stored flag for this. It must not return
         * bogus information for the parent UUID if it is not a diff image. */
        RTUUID parentUuid;
        RTUuidClear(&parentUuid);
        rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetParentUuid(pImage->pBackendData, &parentUuid);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc2) && !RTUuidIsNull(&parentUuid))
            uImageFlags |= VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_DIFF;

        pImage->uImageFlags = uImageFlags;

        /* Force sane optimization settings. It's not worth avoiding writes
         * to fixed size images. The overhead would have almost no payback. */
        if (uImageFlags & VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_FIXED)
            pImage->uOpenFlags |= VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME;

        /** @todo optionally check UUIDs */

        /* Cache disk information. */
        pDisk->cbSize = pImage->Backend->pfnGetSize(pImage->pBackendData);

        /* Cache PCHS geometry. */
        rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                  &pDisk->PCHSGeometry);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
        {
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Make sure the PCHS geometry is properly clipped. */
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders, 16383);
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads, 16);
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
        }

        /* Cache LCHS geometry. */
        rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                  &pDisk->LCHSGeometry);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
        {
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Make sure the LCHS geometry is properly clipped. */
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads, 255);
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
        }

        if (pDisk->cImages != 0)
        {
            /* Switch previous image to read-only mode. */
            unsigned uOpenFlagsPrevImg;
            uOpenFlagsPrevImg = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData);
            if (!(uOpenFlagsPrevImg & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY))
            {
                uOpenFlagsPrevImg |= VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY;
                rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData, uOpenFlagsPrevImg);
            }
        }

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            /* Image successfully opened, make it the last image. */
            vdAddImageToList(pDisk, pImage);
            if (!(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY))
                pDisk->uModified = VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Error detected, but image opened. Close image. */
            rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnClose(pImage->pBackendData, false);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            pImage->pBackendData = NULL;
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
    {
        if (pImage)
        {
            if (pImage->pszFilename)
                RTStrFree(pImage->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pImage);
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Opens a cache image.
 *
 * @return  VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to the HDD container which should use the cache image.
 * @param   pszBackend      Name of the cache file backend to use (case insensitive).
 * @param   pszFilename     Name of the cache image to open.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 * @param   pVDIfsCache     Pointer to the per-cache VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCacheOpen(PVBOXHDD pDisk, const char *pszBackend,
                              const char *pszFilename, unsigned uOpenFlags,
                              PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsCache)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;
    PVDCACHE pCache = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pszBackend=\"%s\" pszFilename=\"%s\" uOpenFlags=%#x, pVDIfsCache=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, pszBackend, pszFilename, uOpenFlags, pVDIfsCache));

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszBackend) && *pszBackend,
                           ("pszBackend=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszBackend, pszBackend),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                           ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uOpenFlags=%#x\n", uOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        /* Set up image descriptor. */
        pCache = (PVDCACHE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDCACHE));
        if (!pCache)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }
        pCache->pszFilename = RTStrDup(pszFilename);
        if (!pCache->pszFilename)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        pCache->VDIo.pDisk  = pDisk;
        pCache->pVDIfsCache = pVDIfsCache;

        rc = vdFindCacheBackend(pszBackend, &pCache->Backend);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;
        if (!pCache->Backend)
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: unknown backend name '%s'"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }

        /* Set up the I/O interface. */
        pCache->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = VDIfIoGet(pVDIfsCache);
        if (!pCache->VDIo.pInterfaceIo)
        {
            vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIo);
            rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIo.Core, "VD_IO", VDINTERFACETYPE_IO,
                                pDisk, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIO), &pVDIfsCache);
            pCache->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = &pCache->VDIo.VDIfIo;
        }

        /* Set up the internal I/O interface. */
        AssertBreakStmt(!VDIfIoIntGet(pVDIfsCache), rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        vdIfIoIntCallbacksSetup(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIoInt);
        rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIoInt.Core, "VD_IOINT", VDINTERFACETYPE_IOINT,
                            &pCache->VDIo, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIOINT), &pCache->pVDIfsCache);
        AssertRC(rc);

        pCache->uOpenFlags = uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME;
        rc = pCache->Backend->pfnOpen(pCache->pszFilename,
                                      uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME,
                                      pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                      pCache->pVDIfsCache,
                                      &pCache->pBackendData);
        /* If the open in read-write mode failed, retry in read-only mode. */
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
        {
            if (!(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY)
                &&  (   rc == VERR_ACCESS_DENIED
                     || rc == VERR_PERMISSION_DENIED
                     || rc == VERR_WRITE_PROTECT
                     || rc == VERR_SHARING_VIOLATION
                     || rc == VERR_FILE_LOCK_FAILED))
                rc = pCache->Backend->pfnOpen(pCache->pszFilename,
                                                (uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME)
                                               | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY,
                                               pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                               pCache->pVDIfsCache,
                                               &pCache->pBackendData);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            {
                rc = vdError(pDisk, rc, RT_SRC_POS,
                             N_("VD: error %Rrc opening image file '%s'"), rc, pszFilename);
                break;
            }
        }

        /* Lock disk for writing, as we modify pDisk information below. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        /*
         * Check that the modification UUID of the cache and last image
         * match. If not the image was modified in-between without the cache.
         * The cache might contain stale data.
         */
        RTUUID UuidImage, UuidCache;

        rc = pCache->Backend->pfnGetModificationUuid(pCache->pBackendData,
                                                     &UuidCache);
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetModificationUuid(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData,
                                                               &UuidImage);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                if (RTUuidCompare(&UuidImage, &UuidCache))
                    rc = VERR_VD_CACHE_NOT_UP_TO_DATE;
            }
        }

        /*
         * We assume that the user knows what he is doing if one of the images
         * doesn't support the modification uuid.
         */
        if (rc == VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED)
            rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            /* Cache successfully opened, make it the current one. */
            if (!pDisk->pCache)
                pDisk->pCache = pCache;
            else
                rc = VERR_VD_CACHE_ALREADY_EXISTS;
        }

        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
        {
            /* Error detected, but image opened. Close image. */
            rc2 = pCache->Backend->pfnClose(pCache->pBackendData, false);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            pCache->pBackendData = NULL;
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
    {
        if (pCache)
        {
            if (pCache->pszFilename)
                RTStrFree(pCache->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pCache);
        }
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Creates and opens a new base image file.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   pszBackend      Name of the image file backend to use.
 * @param   pszFilename     Name of the image file to create.
 * @param   cbSize          Image size in bytes.
 * @param   uImageFlags     Flags specifying special image features.
 * @param   pszComment      Pointer to image comment. NULL is ok.
 * @param   pPCHSGeometry   Pointer to physical disk geometry <= (16383,16,63). Not NULL.
 * @param   pLCHSGeometry   Pointer to logical disk geometry <= (x,255,63). Not NULL.
 * @param   pUuid           New UUID of the image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 * @param   pVDIfsImage     Pointer to the per-image VD interface list.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCreateBase(PVBOXHDD pDisk, const char *pszBackend,
                               const char *pszFilename, uint64_t cbSize,
                               unsigned uImageFlags, const char *pszComment,
                               PCVDGEOMETRY pPCHSGeometry,
                               PCVDGEOMETRY pLCHSGeometry,
                               PCRTUUID pUuid, unsigned uOpenFlags,
                               PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsImage,
                               PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false, fLockRead = false;
    PVDIMAGE pImage = NULL;
    RTUUID uuid;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pszBackend=\"%s\" pszFilename=\"%s\" cbSize=%llu uImageFlags=%#x pszComment=\"%s\" PCHS=%u/%u/%u LCHS=%u/%u/%u Uuid=%RTuuid uOpenFlags=%#x pVDIfsImage=%#p pVDIfsOperation=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, pszBackend, pszFilename, cbSize, uImageFlags, pszComment,
                 pPCHSGeometry->cCylinders, pPCHSGeometry->cHeads,
                 pPCHSGeometry->cSectors, pLCHSGeometry->cCylinders,
                 pLCHSGeometry->cHeads, pLCHSGeometry->cSectors, pUuid,
                 uOpenFlags, pVDIfsImage, pVDIfsOperation));

    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress = VDIfProgressGet(pVDIfsOperation);

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszBackend) && *pszBackend,
                           ("pszBackend=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszBackend, pszBackend),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                           ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbSize,
                           ("cbSize=%llu\n", cbSize),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(   ((uImageFlags & ~VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_MASK) == 0)
                           || ((uImageFlags & (VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_FIXED | VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_DIFF)) != VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_FIXED),
                           ("uImageFlags=%#x\n", uImageFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        /* The PCHS geometry fields may be 0 to leave it for later. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(   VALID_PTR(pPCHSGeometry)
                           && pPCHSGeometry->cHeads <= 16
                           && pPCHSGeometry->cSectors <= 63,
                           ("pPCHSGeometry=%#p PCHS=%u/%u/%u\n", pPCHSGeometry,
                            pPCHSGeometry->cCylinders, pPCHSGeometry->cHeads,
                            pPCHSGeometry->cSectors),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        /* The LCHS geometry fields may be 0 to leave it to later autodetection. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(   VALID_PTR(pLCHSGeometry)
                           && pLCHSGeometry->cHeads <= 255
                           && pLCHSGeometry->cSectors <= 63,
                           ("pLCHSGeometry=%#p LCHS=%u/%u/%u\n", pLCHSGeometry,
                            pLCHSGeometry->cCylinders, pLCHSGeometry->cHeads,
                            pLCHSGeometry->cSectors),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        /* The UUID may be NULL. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pUuid == NULL || VALID_PTR(pUuid),
                           ("pUuid=%#p UUID=%RTuuid\n", pUuid, pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uOpenFlags=%#x\n", uOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        /* Check state. Needs a temporary read lock. Holding the write lock
         * all the time would be blocking other activities for too long. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pDisk->cImages == 0,
                           ("Create base image cannot be done with other images open\n"),
                           rc = VERR_VD_INVALID_STATE);
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = false;

        /* Set up image descriptor. */
        pImage = (PVDIMAGE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIMAGE));
        if (!pImage)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }
        pImage->pszFilename = RTStrDup(pszFilename);
        if (!pImage->pszFilename)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }
        pImage->VDIo.pDisk  = pDisk;
        pImage->pVDIfsImage = pVDIfsImage;

        /* Set up the I/O interface. */
        pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = VDIfIoGet(pVDIfsImage);
        if (!pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo)
        {
            vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo);
            rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo.Core, "VD_IO", VDINTERFACETYPE_IO,
                                pDisk, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIO), &pVDIfsImage);
            pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = &pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo;
        }

        /* Set up the internal I/O interface. */
        AssertBreakStmt(!VDIfIoIntGet(pVDIfsImage), rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        vdIfIoIntCallbacksSetup(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIoInt);
        rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIoInt.Core, "VD_IOINT", VDINTERFACETYPE_IOINT,
                            &pImage->VDIo, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIOINT), &pImage->pVDIfsImage);
        AssertRC(rc);

        rc = vdFindBackend(pszBackend, &pImage->Backend);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;
        if (!pImage->Backend)
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: unknown backend name '%s'"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }
        if (!(pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps & (  VD_CAP_CREATE_FIXED
                                               | VD_CAP_CREATE_DYNAMIC)))
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: backend '%s' cannot create base images"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }

        /* Create UUID if the caller didn't specify one. */
        if (!pUuid)
        {
            rc = RTUuidCreate(&uuid);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            {
                rc = vdError(pDisk, rc, RT_SRC_POS,
                             N_("VD: cannot generate UUID for image '%s'"),
                             pszFilename);
                break;
            }
            pUuid = &uuid;
        }

        pImage->uOpenFlags = uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME;
        uImageFlags &= ~VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_DIFF;
        pImage->VDIo.fIgnoreFlush = (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH) != 0;
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnCreate(pImage->pszFilename, cbSize,
                                        uImageFlags, pszComment, pPCHSGeometry,
                                        pLCHSGeometry, pUuid,
                                        uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME,
                                        0, 99,
                                        pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                        pImage->pVDIfsImage,
                                        pVDIfsOperation,
                                        &pImage->pBackendData);

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            pImage->VDIo.pBackendData = pImage->pBackendData;
            pImage->uImageFlags = uImageFlags;

            /* Force sane optimization settings. It's not worth avoiding writes
             * to fixed size images. The overhead would have almost no payback. */
            if (uImageFlags & VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_FIXED)
                pImage->uOpenFlags |= VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME;

            /* Lock disk for writing, as we modify pDisk information below. */
            rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            fLockWrite = true;

            /** @todo optionally check UUIDs */

            /* Re-check state, as the lock wasn't held and another image
             * creation call could have been done by another thread. */
            AssertMsgStmt(pDisk->cImages == 0,
                          ("Create base image cannot be done with other images open\n"),
                          rc = VERR_VD_INVALID_STATE);
        }

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            /* Cache disk information. */
            pDisk->cbSize = pImage->Backend->pfnGetSize(pImage->pBackendData);

            /* Cache PCHS geometry. */
            rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                      &pDisk->PCHSGeometry);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
            {
                pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
                pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
                pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                /* Make sure the CHS geometry is properly clipped. */
                pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders, 16383);
                pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads, 16);
                pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
            }

            /* Cache LCHS geometry. */
            rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                      &pDisk->LCHSGeometry);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
            {
                pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
                pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
                pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                /* Make sure the CHS geometry is properly clipped. */
                pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads, 255);
                pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
            }

            /* Image successfully opened, make it the last image. */
            vdAddImageToList(pDisk, pImage);
            if (!(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY))
                pDisk->uModified = VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Error detected, image may or may not be opened. Close and delete
             * image if it was opened. */
            if (pImage->pBackendData)
            {
                rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnClose(pImage->pBackendData, true);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                pImage->pBackendData = NULL;
            }
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    else if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
    {
        if (pImage)
        {
            if (pImage->pszFilename)
                RTStrFree(pImage->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pImage);
        }
    }

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
        pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Creates and opens a new differencing image file in HDD container.
 * See comments for VDOpen function about differencing images.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   pszBackend      Name of the image file backend to use.
 * @param   pszFilename     Name of the differencing image file to create.
 * @param   uImageFlags     Flags specifying special image features.
 * @param   pszComment      Pointer to image comment. NULL is ok.
 * @param   pUuid           New UUID of the image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 * @param   pParentUuid     New parent UUID of the image. If NULL, the UUID is queried automatically.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 * @param   pVDIfsImage     Pointer to the per-image VD interface list.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCreateDiff(PVBOXHDD pDisk, const char *pszBackend,
                               const char *pszFilename, unsigned uImageFlags,
                               const char *pszComment, PCRTUUID pUuid,
                               PCRTUUID pParentUuid, unsigned uOpenFlags,
                               PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsImage,
                               PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false, fLockRead = false;
    PVDIMAGE pImage = NULL;
    RTUUID uuid;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pszBackend=\"%s\" pszFilename=\"%s\" uImageFlags=%#x pszComment=\"%s\" Uuid=%RTuuid uOpenFlags=%#x pVDIfsImage=%#p pVDIfsOperation=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, pszBackend, pszFilename, uImageFlags, pszComment, pUuid, uOpenFlags, pVDIfsImage, pVDIfsOperation));

    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress = VDIfProgressGet(pVDIfsOperation);

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszBackend) && *pszBackend,
                           ("pszBackend=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszBackend, pszBackend),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                           ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uImageFlags & ~VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uImageFlags=%#x\n", uImageFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        /* The UUID may be NULL. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pUuid == NULL || VALID_PTR(pUuid),
                           ("pUuid=%#p UUID=%RTuuid\n", pUuid, pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        /* The parent UUID may be NULL. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pParentUuid == NULL || VALID_PTR(pParentUuid),
                           ("pParentUuid=%#p ParentUUID=%RTuuid\n", pParentUuid, pParentUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uOpenFlags=%#x\n", uOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        /* Check state. Needs a temporary read lock. Holding the write lock
         * all the time would be blocking other activities for too long. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pDisk->cImages != 0,
                           ("Create diff image cannot be done without other images open\n"),
                           rc = VERR_VD_INVALID_STATE);
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = false;

        /*
         * Destroy the current discard state first which might still have pending blocks
         * for the currently opened image which will be switched to readonly mode.
         */
        /* Lock disk for writing, as we modify pDisk information below. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;
        rc = vdDiscardStateDestroy(pDisk);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = false;

        /* Set up image descriptor. */
        pImage = (PVDIMAGE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDIMAGE));
        if (!pImage)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }
        pImage->pszFilename = RTStrDup(pszFilename);
        if (!pImage->pszFilename)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdFindBackend(pszBackend, &pImage->Backend);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;
        if (!pImage->Backend)
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: unknown backend name '%s'"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }
        if (   !(pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps & VD_CAP_DIFF)
            || !(pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps & (  VD_CAP_CREATE_FIXED
                                                  | VD_CAP_CREATE_DYNAMIC)))
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: backend '%s' cannot create diff images"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }

        pImage->VDIo.pDisk  = pDisk;
        pImage->pVDIfsImage = pVDIfsImage;

        /* Set up the I/O interface. */
        pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = VDIfIoGet(pVDIfsImage);
        if (!pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo)
        {
            vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo);
            rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo.Core, "VD_IO", VDINTERFACETYPE_IO,
                                pDisk, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIO), &pVDIfsImage);
            pImage->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = &pImage->VDIo.VDIfIo;
        }

        /* Set up the internal I/O interface. */
        AssertBreakStmt(!VDIfIoIntGet(pVDIfsImage), rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        vdIfIoIntCallbacksSetup(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIoInt);
        rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pImage->VDIo.VDIfIoInt.Core, "VD_IOINT", VDINTERFACETYPE_IOINT,
                            &pImage->VDIo, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIOINT), &pImage->pVDIfsImage);
        AssertRC(rc);

        /* Create UUID if the caller didn't specify one. */
        if (!pUuid)
        {
            rc = RTUuidCreate(&uuid);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            {
                rc = vdError(pDisk, rc, RT_SRC_POS,
                             N_("VD: cannot generate UUID for image '%s'"),
                             pszFilename);
                break;
            }
            pUuid = &uuid;
        }

        pImage->uOpenFlags = uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME;
        pImage->VDIo.fIgnoreFlush = (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH) != 0;
        uImageFlags |= VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_DIFF;
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnCreate(pImage->pszFilename, pDisk->cbSize,
                                        uImageFlags | VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_DIFF,
                                        pszComment, &pDisk->PCHSGeometry,
                                        &pDisk->LCHSGeometry, pUuid,
                                        uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME,
                                        0, 99,
                                        pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                        pImage->pVDIfsImage,
                                        pVDIfsOperation,
                                        &pImage->pBackendData);

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            pImage->VDIo.pBackendData = pImage->pBackendData;
            pImage->uImageFlags = uImageFlags;

            /* Lock disk for writing, as we modify pDisk information below. */
            rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            fLockWrite = true;

            /* Switch previous image to read-only mode. */
            unsigned uOpenFlagsPrevImg;
            uOpenFlagsPrevImg = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData);
            if (!(uOpenFlagsPrevImg & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY))
            {
                uOpenFlagsPrevImg |= VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY;
                rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData, uOpenFlagsPrevImg);
            }

            /** @todo optionally check UUIDs */

            /* Re-check state, as the lock wasn't held and another image
             * creation call could have been done by another thread. */
            AssertMsgStmt(pDisk->cImages != 0,
                          ("Create diff image cannot be done without other images open\n"),
                          rc = VERR_VD_INVALID_STATE);
        }

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            RTUUID Uuid;
            RTTIMESPEC ts;

            if (pParentUuid && !RTUuidIsNull(pParentUuid))
            {
                Uuid = *pParentUuid;
                pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentUuid(pImage->pBackendData, &Uuid);
            }
            else
            {
                rc2 = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetUuid(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData,
                                                        &Uuid);
                if (RT_SUCCESS(rc2))
                    pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentUuid(pImage->pBackendData, &Uuid);
            }
            rc2 = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetModificationUuid(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData,
                                                                &Uuid);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc2))
                pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentModificationUuid(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                              &Uuid);
            if (pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetTimeStamp)
                rc2 = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetTimeStamp(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData,
                                                             &ts);
            else
                rc2 = VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc2) && pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentTimeStamp)
                pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentTimeStamp(pImage->pBackendData, &ts);

            if (pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentFilename)
                rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentFilename(pImage->pBackendData, pDisk->pLast->pszFilename);
        }

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            /* Image successfully opened, make it the last image. */
            vdAddImageToList(pDisk, pImage);
            if (!(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY))
                pDisk->uModified = VD_IMAGE_MODIFIED_FIRST;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Error detected, but image opened. Close and delete image. */
            rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnClose(pImage->pBackendData, true);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            pImage->pBackendData = NULL;
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    else if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
    {
        if (pImage)
        {
            if (pImage->pszFilename)
                RTStrFree(pImage->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pImage);
        }
    }

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
        pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}


/**
 * Creates and opens new cache image file in HDD container.
 *
 * @return  VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Name of the cache file backend to use (case insensitive).
 * @param   pszFilename     Name of the differencing cache file to create.
 * @param   cbSize          Maximum size of the cache.
 * @param   uImageFlags     Flags specifying special cache features.
 * @param   pszComment      Pointer to image comment. NULL is ok.
 * @param   pUuid           New UUID of the image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 * @param   pVDIfsCache     Pointer to the per-cache VD interface list.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCreateCache(PVBOXHDD pDisk, const char *pszBackend,
                                const char *pszFilename, uint64_t cbSize,
                                unsigned uImageFlags, const char *pszComment,
                                PCRTUUID pUuid, unsigned uOpenFlags,
                                PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsCache, PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false, fLockRead = false;
    PVDCACHE pCache = NULL;
    RTUUID uuid;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p pszBackend=\"%s\" pszFilename=\"%s\" cbSize=%llu uImageFlags=%#x pszComment=\"%s\" Uuid=%RTuuid uOpenFlags=%#x pVDIfsImage=%#p pVDIfsOperation=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, pszBackend, pszFilename, cbSize, uImageFlags, pszComment, pUuid, uOpenFlags, pVDIfsCache, pVDIfsOperation));

    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress = VDIfProgressGet(pVDIfsOperation);

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszBackend) && *pszBackend,
                           ("pszBackend=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszBackend, pszBackend),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                           ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbSize,
                           ("cbSize=%llu\n", cbSize),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uImageFlags & ~VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uImageFlags=%#x\n", uImageFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        /* The UUID may be NULL. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pUuid == NULL || VALID_PTR(pUuid),
                           ("pUuid=%#p UUID=%RTuuid\n", pUuid, pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uOpenFlags=%#x\n", uOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        /* Check state. Needs a temporary read lock. Holding the write lock
         * all the time would be blocking other activities for too long. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(!pDisk->pCache,
                           ("Create cache image cannot be done with a cache already attached\n"),
                           rc = VERR_VD_CACHE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = false;

        /* Set up image descriptor. */
        pCache = (PVDCACHE)RTMemAllocZ(sizeof(VDCACHE));
        if (!pCache)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }
        pCache->pszFilename = RTStrDup(pszFilename);
        if (!pCache->pszFilename)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdFindCacheBackend(pszBackend, &pCache->Backend);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;
        if (!pCache->Backend)
        {
            rc = vdError(pDisk, VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER, RT_SRC_POS,
                         N_("VD: unknown backend name '%s'"), pszBackend);
            break;
        }

        pCache->VDIo.pDisk        = pDisk;
        pCache->pVDIfsCache       = pVDIfsCache;

        /* Set up the I/O interface. */
        pCache->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = VDIfIoGet(pVDIfsCache);
        if (!pCache->VDIo.pInterfaceIo)
        {
            vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIo);
            rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIo.Core, "VD_IO", VDINTERFACETYPE_IO,
                                pDisk, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIO), &pVDIfsCache);
            pCache->VDIo.pInterfaceIo = &pCache->VDIo.VDIfIo;
        }

        /* Set up the internal I/O interface. */
        AssertBreakStmt(!VDIfIoIntGet(pVDIfsCache), rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        vdIfIoIntCallbacksSetup(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIoInt);
        rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&pCache->VDIo.VDIfIoInt.Core, "VD_IOINT", VDINTERFACETYPE_IOINT,
                            &pCache->VDIo, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIOINT), &pCache->pVDIfsCache);
        AssertRC(rc);

        /* Create UUID if the caller didn't specify one. */
        if (!pUuid)
        {
            rc = RTUuidCreate(&uuid);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            {
                rc = vdError(pDisk, rc, RT_SRC_POS,
                             N_("VD: cannot generate UUID for image '%s'"),
                             pszFilename);
                break;
            }
            pUuid = &uuid;
        }

        pCache->uOpenFlags = uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME;
        pCache->VDIo.fIgnoreFlush = (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH) != 0;
        rc = pCache->Backend->pfnCreate(pCache->pszFilename, cbSize,
                                        uImageFlags,
                                        pszComment, pUuid,
                                        uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME,
                                        0, 99,
                                        pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                        pCache->pVDIfsCache,
                                        pVDIfsOperation,
                                        &pCache->pBackendData);

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            /* Lock disk for writing, as we modify pDisk information below. */
            rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            fLockWrite = true;

            pCache->VDIo.pBackendData = pCache->pBackendData;

            /* Re-check state, as the lock wasn't held and another image
             * creation call could have been done by another thread. */
            AssertMsgStmt(!pDisk->pCache,
                          ("Create cache image cannot be done with another cache open\n"),
                          rc = VERR_VD_CACHE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
        }

        if (   RT_SUCCESS(rc)
            && pDisk->pLast)
        {
            RTUUID UuidModification;

            /* Set same modification Uuid as the last image. */
            rc = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetModificationUuid(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData,
                                                               &UuidModification);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            {
                rc = pCache->Backend->pfnSetModificationUuid(pCache->pBackendData,
                                                             &UuidModification);
            }

            if (rc == VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED)
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            /* Cache successfully created. */
            pDisk->pCache = pCache;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Error detected, but image opened. Close and delete image. */
            rc2 = pCache->Backend->pfnClose(pCache->pBackendData, true);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            pCache->pBackendData = NULL;
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    else if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
    {
        if (pCache)
        {
            if (pCache->pszFilename)
                RTStrFree(pCache->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pCache);
        }
    }

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
        pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Merges two images (not necessarily with direct parent/child relationship).
 * As a side effect the source image and potentially the other images which
 * are also merged to the destination are deleted from both the disk and the
 * images in the HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImageFrom      Name of the image file to merge from.
 * @param   nImageTo        Name of the image file to merge to.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDMerge(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImageFrom,
                          unsigned nImageTo, PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false, fLockRead = false;
    void *pvBuf = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImageFrom=%u nImageTo=%u pVDIfsOperation=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImageFrom, nImageTo, pVDIfsOperation));

    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress = VDIfProgressGet(pVDIfsOperation);

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* For simplicity reasons lock for writing as the image reopen below
         * might need it. After all the reopen is usually needed. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;
        PVDIMAGE pImageFrom = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImageFrom);
        PVDIMAGE pImageTo = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImageTo);
        if (!pImageFrom || !pImageTo)
        {
            rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND;
            break;
        }
        AssertBreakStmt(pImageFrom != pImageTo, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        /* Make sure destination image is writable. */
        unsigned uOpenFlags = pImageTo->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pImageTo->pBackendData);
        if (uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY)
        {
            /*
             * Clear skip consistency checks because the image is made writable now and
             * skipping consistency checks is only possible for readonly images.
             */
            uOpenFlags &= ~(VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_SKIP_CONSISTENCY_CHECKS);
            rc = pImageTo->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pImageTo->pBackendData,
                                                    uOpenFlags);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;
        }

        /* Get size of destination image. */
        uint64_t cbSize = pImageTo->Backend->pfnGetSize(pImageTo->pBackendData);
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = false;

        /* Allocate tmp buffer. */
        pvBuf = RTMemTmpAlloc(VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE);
        if (!pvBuf)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        /* Merging is done directly on the images itself. This potentially
         * causes trouble if the disk is full in the middle of operation. */
        if (nImageFrom < nImageTo)
        {
            /* Merge parent state into child. This means writing all not
             * allocated blocks in the destination image which are allocated in
             * the images to be merged. */
            uint64_t uOffset = 0;
            uint64_t cbRemaining = cbSize;
            do
            {
                size_t cbThisRead = RT_MIN(VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE, cbRemaining);
                RTSGSEG SegmentBuf;
                RTSGBUF SgBuf;
                VDIOCTX IoCtx;

                SegmentBuf.pvSeg = pvBuf;
                SegmentBuf.cbSeg = VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE;
                RTSgBufInit(&SgBuf, &SegmentBuf, 1);
                vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ, 0, 0, NULL,
                            &SgBuf, NULL, NULL, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);

                /* Need to hold the write lock during a read-write operation. */
                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = true;

                rc = pImageTo->Backend->pfnRead(pImageTo->pBackendData,
                                                uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                                &IoCtx, &cbThisRead);
                if (rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
                {
                    /* Search for image with allocated block. Do not attempt to
                     * read more than the previous reads marked as valid.
                     * Otherwise this would return stale data when different
                     * block sizes are used for the images. */
                    for (PVDIMAGE pCurrImage = pImageTo->pPrev;
                         pCurrImage != NULL && pCurrImage != pImageFrom->pPrev && rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE;
                         pCurrImage = pCurrImage->pPrev)
                    {
                        rc = pCurrImage->Backend->pfnRead(pCurrImage->pBackendData,
                                                          uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                                          &IoCtx, &cbThisRead);
                    }

                    if (rc != VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
                    {
                        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                            break;
                        /* Updating the cache is required because this might be a live merge. */
                        rc = vdWriteHelperEx(pDisk, pImageTo, pImageFrom->pPrev,
                                             uOffset, pvBuf, cbThisRead,
                                             VDIOCTX_FLAGS_READ_UPDATE_CACHE, 0);
                        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                            break;
                    }
                    else
                        rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
                }
                else if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                    break;

                rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = false;

                uOffset += cbThisRead;
                cbRemaining -= cbThisRead;

                if (pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
                {
                    /** @todo r=klaus: this can update the progress to the same
                     * percentage over and over again if the image format makes
                     * relatively small increments. */
                    rc = pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser,
                                                  uOffset * 99 / cbSize);
                    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                        break;
                }
            } while (uOffset < cbSize);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * We may need to update the parent uuid of the child coming after
             * the last image to be merged. We have to reopen it read/write.
             *
             * This is done before we do the actual merge to prevent an
             * inconsistent chain if the mode change fails for some reason.
             */
            if (pImageFrom->pNext)
            {
                PVDIMAGE pImageChild = pImageFrom->pNext;

                /* Take the write lock. */
                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = true;

                /* We need to open the image in read/write mode. */
                uOpenFlags = pImageChild->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pImageChild->pBackendData);

                if (uOpenFlags  & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY)
                {
                    uOpenFlags  &= ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY;
                    rc = pImageChild->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pImageChild->pBackendData,
                                                               uOpenFlags);
                    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                        break;
                }

                rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = false;
            }

            /* If the merge is from the last image we have to relay all writes
             * to the merge destination as well, so that concurrent writes
             * (in case of a live merge) are handled correctly. */
            if (!pImageFrom->pNext)
            {
                /* Take the write lock. */
                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = true;

                pDisk->pImageRelay = pImageTo;

                rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = false;
            }

            /* Merge child state into parent. This means writing all blocks
             * which are allocated in the image up to the source image to the
             * destination image. */
            uint64_t uOffset = 0;
            uint64_t cbRemaining = cbSize;
            do
            {
                size_t cbThisRead = RT_MIN(VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE, cbRemaining);
                RTSGSEG SegmentBuf;
                RTSGBUF SgBuf;
                VDIOCTX IoCtx;

                rc = VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE;

                SegmentBuf.pvSeg = pvBuf;
                SegmentBuf.cbSeg = VD_MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE;
                RTSgBufInit(&SgBuf, &SegmentBuf, 1);
                vdIoCtxInit(&IoCtx, pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ, 0, 0, NULL,
                            &SgBuf, NULL, NULL, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);

                /* Need to hold the write lock during a read-write operation. */
                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = true;

                /* Search for image with allocated block. Do not attempt to
                 * read more than the previous reads marked as valid. Otherwise
                 * this would return stale data when different block sizes are
                 * used for the images. */
                for (PVDIMAGE pCurrImage = pImageFrom;
                     pCurrImage != NULL && pCurrImage != pImageTo && rc == VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE;
                     pCurrImage = pCurrImage->pPrev)
                {
                    rc = pCurrImage->Backend->pfnRead(pCurrImage->pBackendData,
                                                           uOffset, cbThisRead,
                                                           &IoCtx, &cbThisRead);
                }

                if (rc != VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE)
                {
                    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                        break;
                    rc = vdWriteHelper(pDisk, pImageTo, uOffset, pvBuf,
                                       cbThisRead, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_READ_UPDATE_CACHE);
                    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                        break;
                }
                else
                    rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

                rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = false;

                uOffset += cbThisRead;
                cbRemaining -= cbThisRead;

                if (pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
                {
                    /** @todo r=klaus: this can update the progress to the same
                     * percentage over and over again if the image format makes
                     * relatively small increments. */
                    rc = pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser,
                                                  uOffset * 99 / cbSize);
                    if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                        break;
                }
            } while (uOffset < cbSize);

            /* In case we set up a "write proxy" image above we must clear
             * this again now to prevent stray writes. Failure or not. */
            if (!pImageFrom->pNext)
            {
                /* Take the write lock. */
                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = true;

                pDisk->pImageRelay = NULL;

                rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWrite = false;
            }
        }

        /*
         * Leave in case of an error to avoid corrupted data in the image chain
         * (includes cancelling the operation by the user).
         */
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        /* Need to hold the write lock while finishing the merge. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        /* Update parent UUID so that image chain is consistent.
         * The two attempts work around the problem that some backends
         * (e.g. iSCSI) do not support UUIDs, so we exploit the fact that
         * so far there can only be one such image in the chain. */
        /** @todo needs a better long-term solution, passing the UUID
         * knowledge from the caller or some such */
        RTUUID Uuid;
        PVDIMAGE pImageChild = NULL;
        if (nImageFrom < nImageTo)
        {
            if (pImageFrom->pPrev)
            {
                /* plan A: ask the parent itself for its UUID */
                rc = pImageFrom->pPrev->Backend->pfnGetUuid(pImageFrom->pPrev->pBackendData,
                                                            &Uuid);
                if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                {
                    /* plan B: ask the child of the parent for parent UUID */
                    rc = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnGetParentUuid(pImageFrom->pBackendData,
                                                               &Uuid);
                }
                AssertRC(rc);
            }
            else
                RTUuidClear(&Uuid);
            rc = pImageTo->Backend->pfnSetParentUuid(pImageTo->pBackendData,
                                                     &Uuid);
            AssertRC(rc);
        }
        else
        {
            /* Update the parent uuid of the child of the last merged image. */
            if (pImageFrom->pNext)
            {
                /* plan A: ask the parent itself for its UUID */
                rc = pImageTo->Backend->pfnGetUuid(pImageTo->pBackendData,
                                                   &Uuid);
                if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                {
                    /* plan B: ask the child of the parent for parent UUID */
                    rc = pImageTo->pNext->Backend->pfnGetParentUuid(pImageTo->pNext->pBackendData,
                                                                    &Uuid);
                }
                AssertRC(rc);

                rc = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnSetParentUuid(pImageFrom->pNext->pBackendData,
                                                           &Uuid);
                AssertRC(rc);

                pImageChild = pImageFrom->pNext;
            }
        }

        /* Delete the no longer needed images. */
        PVDIMAGE pImg = pImageFrom, pTmp;
        while (pImg != pImageTo)
        {
            if (nImageFrom < nImageTo)
                pTmp = pImg->pNext;
            else
                pTmp = pImg->pPrev;
            vdRemoveImageFromList(pDisk, pImg);
            pImg->Backend->pfnClose(pImg->pBackendData, true);
            RTMemFree(pImg->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pImg);
            pImg = pTmp;
        }

        /* Make sure destination image is back to read only if necessary. */
        if (pImageTo != pDisk->pLast)
        {
            uOpenFlags = pImageTo->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pImageTo->pBackendData);
            uOpenFlags |= VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY;
            rc = pImageTo->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pImageTo->pBackendData,
                                                    uOpenFlags);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;
        }

        /*
         * Make sure the child is readonly
         * for the child -> parent merge direction
         * if necessary.
        */
        if (   nImageFrom > nImageTo
            && pImageChild
            && pImageChild != pDisk->pLast)
        {
            uOpenFlags = pImageChild->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pImageChild->pBackendData);
            uOpenFlags |= VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY;
            rc = pImageChild->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pImageChild->pBackendData,
                                                       uOpenFlags);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    else if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (pvBuf)
        RTMemTmpFree(pvBuf);

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
        pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Copies an image from one HDD container to another - extended version.
 * The copy is opened in the target HDD container.
 * It is possible to convert between different image formats, because the
 * backend for the destination may be different from the source.
 * If both the source and destination reference the same HDD container,
 * then the image is moved (by copying/deleting or renaming) to the new location.
 * The source container is unchanged if the move operation fails, otherwise
 * the image at the new location is opened in the same way as the old one was.
 *
 * @note The read/write accesses across disks are not synchronized, just the
 * accesses to each disk. Once there is a use case which requires a defined
 * read/write behavior in this situation this needs to be extended.
 *
 * @return  VBox status code.
 * @return  VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDiskFrom       Pointer to source HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pDiskTo         Pointer to destination HDD container.
 * @param   pszBackend      Name of the image file backend to use (may be NULL to use the same as the source, case insensitive).
 * @param   pszFilename     New name of the image (may be NULL to specify that the
 *                          copy destination is the destination container, or
 *                          if pDiskFrom == pDiskTo, i.e. when moving).
 * @param   fMoveByRename   If true, attempt to perform a move by renaming (if successful the new size is ignored).
 * @param   cbSize          New image size (0 means leave unchanged).
 * @param   nImageSameFrom  todo
 * @param   nImageSameTo    todo
 * @param   uImageFlags     Flags specifying special destination image features.
 * @param   pDstUuid        New UUID of the destination image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 *                          This parameter is used if and only if a true copy is created.
 *                          In all rename/move cases or copy to existing image cases the modification UUIDs are copied over.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 *                          Only used if the destination image is created.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 * @param   pDstVDIfsImage  Pointer to the per-image VD interface list, for the
 *                          destination image.
 * @param   pDstVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list,
 *                          for the destination operation.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCopyEx(PVBOXHDD pDiskFrom, unsigned nImage, PVBOXHDD pDiskTo,
                           const char *pszBackend, const char *pszFilename,
                           bool fMoveByRename, uint64_t cbSize,
                           unsigned nImageFromSame, unsigned nImageToSame,
                           unsigned uImageFlags, PCRTUUID pDstUuid,
                           unsigned uOpenFlags, PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation,
                           PVDINTERFACE pDstVDIfsImage,
                           PVDINTERFACE pDstVDIfsOperation)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockReadFrom = false, fLockWriteFrom = false, fLockWriteTo = false;
    PVDIMAGE pImageTo = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDiskFrom=%#p nImage=%u pDiskTo=%#p pszBackend=\"%s\" pszFilename=\"%s\" fMoveByRename=%d cbSize=%llu nImageFromSame=%u nImageToSame=%u uImageFlags=%#x pDstUuid=%#p uOpenFlags=%#x pVDIfsOperation=%#p pDstVDIfsImage=%#p pDstVDIfsOperation=%#p\n",
                 pDiskFrom, nImage, pDiskTo, pszBackend, pszFilename, fMoveByRename, cbSize, nImageFromSame, nImageToSame, uImageFlags, pDstUuid, uOpenFlags, pVDIfsOperation, pDstVDIfsImage, pDstVDIfsOperation));

    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress    = VDIfProgressGet(pVDIfsOperation);
    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pDstIfProgress = VDIfProgressGet(pDstVDIfsOperation);

    do {
        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pDiskFrom), ("pDiskFrom=%#p\n", pDiskFrom),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDiskFrom->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE,
                  ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDiskFrom->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDiskFrom);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockReadFrom = true;
        PVDIMAGE pImageFrom = vdGetImageByNumber(pDiskFrom, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImageFrom, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pDiskTo), ("pDiskTo=%#p\n", pDiskTo),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDiskTo->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE,
                  ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDiskTo->u32Signature));
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(   (nImageFromSame < nImage || nImageFromSame == VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN)
                           && (nImageToSame < pDiskTo->cImages || nImageToSame == VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN)
                           && (   (nImageFromSame == VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN && nImageToSame == VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN)
                               || (nImageFromSame != VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN && nImageToSame != VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN)),
                           ("nImageFromSame=%u nImageToSame=%u\n", nImageFromSame, nImageToSame),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        /* Move the image. */
        if (pDiskFrom == pDiskTo)
        {
            /* Rename only works when backends are the same, are file based
             * and the rename method is implemented. */
            if (    fMoveByRename
                &&  !RTStrICmp(pszBackend, pImageFrom->Backend->pszBackendName)
                &&  pImageFrom->Backend->uBackendCaps & VD_CAP_FILE
                &&  pImageFrom->Backend->pfnRename)
            {
                rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDiskFrom);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockReadFrom = false;

                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDiskFrom);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWriteFrom = true;
                rc = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnRename(pImageFrom->pBackendData, pszFilename ? pszFilename : pImageFrom->pszFilename);
                break;
            }

            /** @todo Moving (including shrinking/growing) of the image is
             * requested, but the rename attempt failed or it wasn't possible.
             * Must now copy image to temp location. */
            AssertReleaseMsgFailed(("VDCopy: moving by copy/delete not implemented\n"));
        }

        /* pszFilename is allowed to be NULL, as this indicates copy to the existing image. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pszFilename == NULL || (VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename),
                           ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        uint64_t cbSizeFrom;
        cbSizeFrom = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnGetSize(pImageFrom->pBackendData);
        if (cbSizeFrom == 0)
        {
            rc = VERR_VD_VALUE_NOT_FOUND;
            break;
        }

        VDGEOMETRY PCHSGeometryFrom = {0, 0, 0};
        VDGEOMETRY LCHSGeometryFrom = {0, 0, 0};
        pImageFrom->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImageFrom->pBackendData, &PCHSGeometryFrom);
        pImageFrom->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImageFrom->pBackendData, &LCHSGeometryFrom);

        RTUUID ImageUuid, ImageModificationUuid;
        if (pDiskFrom != pDiskTo)
        {
            if (pDstUuid)
                ImageUuid = *pDstUuid;
            else
                RTUuidCreate(&ImageUuid);
        }
        else
        {
            rc = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnGetUuid(pImageFrom->pBackendData, &ImageUuid);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                RTUuidCreate(&ImageUuid);
        }
        rc = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnGetModificationUuid(pImageFrom->pBackendData, &ImageModificationUuid);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            RTUuidClear(&ImageModificationUuid);

        char szComment[1024];
        rc = pImageFrom->Backend->pfnGetComment(pImageFrom->pBackendData, szComment, sizeof(szComment));
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            szComment[0] = '\0';
        else
            szComment[sizeof(szComment) - 1] = '\0';

        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDiskFrom);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockReadFrom = false;

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDiskTo);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        unsigned cImagesTo = pDiskTo->cImages;
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDiskTo);
        AssertRC(rc2);

        if (pszFilename)
        {
            if (cbSize == 0)
                cbSize = cbSizeFrom;

            /* Create destination image with the properties of source image. */
            /** @todo replace the VDCreateDiff/VDCreateBase calls by direct
             * calls to the backend. Unifies the code and reduces the API
             * dependencies. Would also make the synchronization explicit. */
            if (cImagesTo > 0)
            {
                rc = VDCreateDiff(pDiskTo, pszBackend, pszFilename,
                                  uImageFlags, szComment, &ImageUuid,
                                  NULL /* pParentUuid */,
                                  uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY,
                                  pDstVDIfsImage, NULL);

                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDiskTo);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWriteTo = true;
            } else {
                /** @todo hack to force creation of a fixed image for
                 * the RAW backend, which can't handle anything else. */
                if (!RTStrICmp(pszBackend, "RAW"))
                    uImageFlags |= VD_IMAGE_FLAGS_FIXED;

                vdFixupPCHSGeometry(&PCHSGeometryFrom, cbSize);
                vdFixupLCHSGeometry(&LCHSGeometryFrom, cbSize);

                rc = VDCreateBase(pDiskTo, pszBackend, pszFilename, cbSize,
                                  uImageFlags, szComment,
                                  &PCHSGeometryFrom, &LCHSGeometryFrom,
                                  NULL, uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY,
                                  pDstVDIfsImage, NULL);

                rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDiskTo);
                AssertRC(rc2);
                fLockWriteTo = true;

                if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && !RTUuidIsNull(&ImageUuid))
                     pDiskTo->pLast->Backend->pfnSetUuid(pDiskTo->pLast->pBackendData, &ImageUuid);
            }
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
                break;

            pImageTo = pDiskTo->pLast;
            AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImageTo, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

            cbSize = RT_MIN(cbSize, cbSizeFrom);
        }
        else
        {
            pImageTo = pDiskTo->pLast;
            AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImageTo, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

            uint64_t cbSizeTo;
            cbSizeTo = pImageTo->Backend->pfnGetSize(pImageTo->pBackendData);
            if (cbSizeTo == 0)
            {
                rc = VERR_VD_VALUE_NOT_FOUND;
                break;
            }

            if (cbSize == 0)
                cbSize = RT_MIN(cbSizeFrom, cbSizeTo);

            vdFixupPCHSGeometry(&PCHSGeometryFrom, cbSize);
            vdFixupLCHSGeometry(&LCHSGeometryFrom, cbSize);

            /* Update the geometry in the destination image. */
            pImageTo->Backend->pfnSetPCHSGeometry(pImageTo->pBackendData, &PCHSGeometryFrom);
            pImageTo->Backend->pfnSetLCHSGeometry(pImageTo->pBackendData, &LCHSGeometryFrom);
        }

        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDiskTo);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWriteTo = false;

        /* Whether we can take the optimized copy path (false) or not.
         * Don't optimize if the image existed or if it is a child image. */
        bool fSuppressRedundantIo = (   !(pszFilename == NULL || cImagesTo > 0)
                                     || (nImageToSame != VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN));
        unsigned cImagesFromReadBack, cImagesToReadBack;

        if (nImageFromSame == VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN)
            cImagesFromReadBack = 0;
        else
        {
            if (nImage == VD_LAST_IMAGE)
                cImagesFromReadBack = pDiskFrom->cImages - nImageFromSame - 1;
            else
                cImagesFromReadBack = nImage - nImageFromSame;
        }

        if (nImageToSame == VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN)
            cImagesToReadBack = 0;
        else
            cImagesToReadBack = pDiskTo->cImages - nImageToSame - 1;

        /* Copy the data. */
        rc = vdCopyHelper(pDiskFrom, pImageFrom, pDiskTo, cbSize,
                          cImagesFromReadBack, cImagesToReadBack,
                          fSuppressRedundantIo, pIfProgress, pDstIfProgress);

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
        {
            rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDiskTo);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            fLockWriteTo = true;

            /* Only set modification UUID if it is non-null, since the source
             * backend might not provide a valid modification UUID. */
            if (!RTUuidIsNull(&ImageModificationUuid))
                pImageTo->Backend->pfnSetModificationUuid(pImageTo->pBackendData, &ImageModificationUuid);

            /* Set the requested open flags if they differ from the value
             * required for creating the image and copying the contents. */
            if (   pImageTo && pszFilename
                && uOpenFlags != (uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY))
                rc = pImageTo->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pImageTo->pBackendData,
                                                        uOpenFlags);
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_FAILURE(rc) && pImageTo && pszFilename)
    {
        /* Take the write lock only if it is not taken. Not worth making the
         * above code even more complicated. */
        if (RT_UNLIKELY(!fLockWriteTo))
        {
            rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDiskTo);
            AssertRC(rc2);
            fLockWriteTo = true;
        }
        /* Error detected, but new image created. Remove image from list. */
        vdRemoveImageFromList(pDiskTo, pImageTo);

        /* Close and delete image. */
        rc2 = pImageTo->Backend->pfnClose(pImageTo->pBackendData, true);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        pImageTo->pBackendData = NULL;

        /* Free remaining resources. */
        if (pImageTo->pszFilename)
            RTStrFree(pImageTo->pszFilename);

        RTMemFree(pImageTo);
    }

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWriteTo))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDiskTo);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWriteFrom))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDiskFrom);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    else if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockReadFrom))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDiskFrom);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        if (pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
            pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);
        if (pDstIfProgress && pDstIfProgress->pfnProgress)
            pDstIfProgress->pfnProgress(pDstIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Copies an image from one HDD container to another.
 * The copy is opened in the target HDD container.
 * It is possible to convert between different image formats, because the
 * backend for the destination may be different from the source.
 * If both the source and destination reference the same HDD container,
 * then the image is moved (by copying/deleting or renaming) to the new location.
 * The source container is unchanged if the move operation fails, otherwise
 * the image at the new location is opened in the same way as the old one was.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDiskFrom       Pointer to source HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pDiskTo         Pointer to destination HDD container.
 * @param   pszBackend      Name of the image file backend to use.
 * @param   pszFilename     New name of the image (may be NULL if pDiskFrom == pDiskTo).
 * @param   fMoveByRename   If true, attempt to perform a move by renaming (if successful the new size is ignored).
 * @param   cbSize          New image size (0 means leave unchanged).
 * @param   uImageFlags     Flags specifying special destination image features.
 * @param   pDstUuid        New UUID of the destination image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 *                          This parameter is used if and only if a true copy is created.
 *                          In all rename/move cases the UUIDs are copied over.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 *                          Only used if the destination image is created.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 * @param   pDstVDIfsImage  Pointer to the per-image VD interface list, for the
 *                          destination image.
 * @param   pDstVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-image VD interface list,
 *                          for the destination image.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCopy(PVBOXHDD pDiskFrom, unsigned nImage, PVBOXHDD pDiskTo,
                         const char *pszBackend, const char *pszFilename,
                         bool fMoveByRename, uint64_t cbSize,
                         unsigned uImageFlags, PCRTUUID pDstUuid,
                         unsigned uOpenFlags, PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation,
                         PVDINTERFACE pDstVDIfsImage,
                         PVDINTERFACE pDstVDIfsOperation)
{
    return VDCopyEx(pDiskFrom, nImage, pDiskTo, pszBackend, pszFilename, fMoveByRename,
                    cbSize, VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN, VD_IMAGE_CONTENT_UNKNOWN,
                    uImageFlags, pDstUuid, uOpenFlags, pVDIfsOperation,
                    pDstVDIfsImage, pDstVDIfsOperation);
}

/**
 * Optimizes the storage consumption of an image. Typically the unused blocks
 * have to be wiped with zeroes to achieve a substantial reduced storage use.
 * Another optimization done is reordering the image blocks, which can provide
 * a significant performance boost, as reads and writes tend to use less random
 * file offsets.
 *
 * @return  VBox status code.
 * @return  VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @return  VERR_VD_IMAGE_READ_ONLY if image is not writable.
 * @return  VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if this kind of image can be compacted, but
 *                             the code for this isn't implemented yet.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCompact(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                            PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false, fLockWrite = false;
    void *pvBuf = NULL;
    void *pvTmp = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pVDIfsOperation=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pVDIfsOperation));

    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress = VDIfProgressGet(pVDIfsOperation);

    do {
        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pDisk), ("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE,
                  ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        /* If there is no compact callback for not file based backends then
         * the backend doesn't need compaction. No need to make much fuss about
         * this. For file based ones signal this as not yet supported. */
        if (!pImage->Backend->pfnCompact)
        {
            if (pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps & VD_CAP_FILE)
                rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
            else
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
            break;
        }

        /* Insert interface for reading parent state into per-operation list,
         * if there is a parent image. */
        VDINTERFACEPARENTSTATE VDIfParent;
        VDPARENTSTATEDESC ParentUser;
        if (pImage->pPrev)
        {
            VDIfParent.pfnParentRead = vdParentRead;
            ParentUser.pDisk = pDisk;
            ParentUser.pImage = pImage->pPrev;
            rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&VDIfParent.Core, "VDCompact_ParentState", VDINTERFACETYPE_PARENTSTATE,
                                &ParentUser, sizeof(VDINTERFACEPARENTSTATE), &pVDIfsOperation);
            AssertRC(rc);
        }

        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = false;

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnCompact(pImage->pBackendData,
                                         0, 99,
                                         pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                         pImage->pVDIfsImage,
                                         pVDIfsOperation);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    else if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (pvBuf)
        RTMemTmpFree(pvBuf);
    if (pvTmp)
        RTMemTmpFree(pvTmp);

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        if (pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
            pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Resizes the given disk image to the given size.
 *
 * @return  VBox status
 * @return  VERR_VD_IMAGE_READ_ONLY if image is not writable.
 * @return  VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED if this kind of image can be compacted, but
 *
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to the HDD container.
 * @param   cbSize          New size of the image.
 * @param   pPCHSGeometry   Pointer to the new physical disk geometry <= (16383,16,63). Not NULL.
 * @param   pLCHSGeometry   Pointer to the new logical disk geometry <= (x,255,63). Not NULL.
 * @param   pVDIfsOperation Pointer to the per-operation VD interface list.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDResize(PVBOXHDD pDisk, uint64_t cbSize,
                           PCVDGEOMETRY pPCHSGeometry,
                           PCVDGEOMETRY pLCHSGeometry,
                           PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsOperation)
{
    /** @todo r=klaus resizing was designed to be part of VDCopy, so having a separate function is not desirable. */
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false, fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p cbSize=%llu pVDIfsOperation=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, cbSize, pVDIfsOperation));

    PVDINTERFACEPROGRESS pIfProgress = VDIfProgressGet(pVDIfsOperation);

    do {
        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pDisk), ("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE,
                  ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        /* Must have at least one image in the chain, will resize last. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pDisk->cImages >= 1, ("cImages=%u\n", pDisk->cImages),
                           rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);

        PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pLast;

        /* If there is no compact callback for not file based backends then
         * the backend doesn't need compaction. No need to make much fuss about
         * this. For file based ones signal this as not yet supported. */
        if (!pImage->Backend->pfnResize)
        {
            if (pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps & VD_CAP_FILE)
                rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
            else
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
            break;
        }

        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = false;

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        VDGEOMETRY PCHSGeometryOld;
        VDGEOMETRY LCHSGeometryOld;
        PCVDGEOMETRY pPCHSGeometryNew;
        PCVDGEOMETRY pLCHSGeometryNew;

        if (pPCHSGeometry->cCylinders == 0)
        {
            /* Auto-detect marker, calculate new value ourself. */
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData, &PCHSGeometryOld);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && (PCHSGeometryOld.cCylinders != 0))
                PCHSGeometryOld.cCylinders = RT_MIN(cbSize / 512 / PCHSGeometryOld.cHeads / PCHSGeometryOld.cSectors, 16383);
            else if (rc == VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET)
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

            pPCHSGeometryNew = &PCHSGeometryOld;
        }
        else
            pPCHSGeometryNew = pPCHSGeometry;

        if (pLCHSGeometry->cCylinders == 0)
        {
            /* Auto-detect marker, calculate new value ourself. */
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData, &LCHSGeometryOld);
            if (RT_SUCCESS(rc) && (LCHSGeometryOld.cCylinders != 0))
                LCHSGeometryOld.cCylinders = cbSize / 512 / LCHSGeometryOld.cHeads / LCHSGeometryOld.cSectors;
            else if (rc == VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET)
                rc = VINF_SUCCESS;

            pLCHSGeometryNew = &LCHSGeometryOld;
        }
        else
            pLCHSGeometryNew = pLCHSGeometry;

        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnResize(pImage->pBackendData,
                                            cbSize,
                                            pPCHSGeometryNew,
                                            pLCHSGeometryNew,
                                            0, 99,
                                            pDisk->pVDIfsDisk,
                                            pImage->pVDIfsImage,
                                            pVDIfsOperation);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
    else if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        if (pIfProgress && pIfProgress->pfnProgress)
            pIfProgress->pfnProgress(pIfProgress->Core.pvUser, 100);

        pDisk->cbSize = cbSize;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Closes the last opened image file in HDD container.
 * If previous image file was opened in read-only mode (the normal case) and
 * the last opened image is in read-write mode then the previous image will be
 * reopened in read/write mode.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED if no image is opened in HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   fDelete         If true, delete the image from the host disk.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDClose(PVBOXHDD pDisk, bool fDelete)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p fDelete=%d\n", pDisk, fDelete));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Not worth splitting this up into a read lock phase and write
         * lock phase, as closing an image is a relatively fast operation
         * dominated by the part which needs the write lock. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pLast;
        if (!pImage)
        {
            rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED;
            break;
        }

        /* Destroy the current discard state first which might still have pending blocks. */
        rc = vdDiscardStateDestroy(pDisk);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        unsigned uOpenFlags = pImage->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pImage->pBackendData);
        /* Remove image from list of opened images. */
        vdRemoveImageFromList(pDisk, pImage);
        /* Close (and optionally delete) image. */
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnClose(pImage->pBackendData, fDelete);
        /* Free remaining resources related to the image. */
        RTStrFree(pImage->pszFilename);
        RTMemFree(pImage);

        pImage = pDisk->pLast;
        if (!pImage)
            break;

        /* If disk was previously in read/write mode, make sure it will stay
         * like this (if possible) after closing this image. Set the open flags
         * accordingly. */
        if (!(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY))
        {
            uOpenFlags = pImage->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pImage->pBackendData);
            uOpenFlags &= ~ VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY;
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pImage->pBackendData, uOpenFlags);
        }

        /* Cache disk information. */
        pDisk->cbSize = pImage->Backend->pfnGetSize(pImage->pBackendData);

        /* Cache PCHS geometry. */
        rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                 &pDisk->PCHSGeometry);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
        {
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Make sure the PCHS geometry is properly clipped. */
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders, 16383);
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads, 16);
            pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
        }

        /* Cache LCHS geometry. */
        rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                  &pDisk->LCHSGeometry);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
        {
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Make sure the LCHS geometry is properly clipped. */
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads, 255);
            pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Closes the currently opened cache image file in HDD container.
 *
 * @return  VBox status code.
 * @return  VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED if no cache is opened in HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   fDelete         If true, delete the image from the host disk.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCacheClose(PVBOXHDD pDisk, bool fDelete)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;
    PVDCACHE pCache = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p fDelete=%d\n", pDisk, fDelete));

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk->pCache, rc = VERR_VD_CACHE_NOT_FOUND);

        pCache = pDisk->pCache;
        pDisk->pCache = NULL;

        pCache->Backend->pfnClose(pCache->pBackendData, fDelete);
        if (pCache->pszFilename)
            RTStrFree(pCache->pszFilename);
        RTMemFree(pCache);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_LIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Closes all opened image files in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDCloseAll(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Lock the entire operation. */
        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDCACHE pCache = pDisk->pCache;
        if (pCache)
        {
            rc2 = pCache->Backend->pfnClose(pCache->pBackendData, false);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc2) && RT_SUCCESS(rc))
                rc = rc2;

            if (pCache->pszFilename)
                RTStrFree(pCache->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pCache);
        }

        PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pLast;
        while (VALID_PTR(pImage))
        {
            PVDIMAGE pPrev = pImage->pPrev;
            /* Remove image from list of opened images. */
            vdRemoveImageFromList(pDisk, pImage);
            /* Close image. */
            rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnClose(pImage->pBackendData, false);
            if (RT_FAILURE(rc2) && RT_SUCCESS(rc))
                rc = rc2;
            /* Free remaining resources related to the image. */
            RTStrFree(pImage->pszFilename);
            RTMemFree(pImage);
            pImage = pPrev;
        }
        Assert(!VALID_PTR(pDisk->pLast));
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Read data from virtual HDD.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED if no image is opened in HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   uOffset         Offset of first reading byte from start of disk.
 * @param   pvBuf           Pointer to buffer for reading data.
 * @param   cbRead          Number of bytes to read.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDRead(PVBOXHDD pDisk, uint64_t uOffset, void *pvBuf,
                         size_t cbRead)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p uOffset=%llu pvBuf=%p cbRead=%zu\n",
                 pDisk, uOffset, pvBuf, cbRead));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pvBuf),
                           ("pvBuf=%#p\n", pvBuf),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbRead,
                           ("cbRead=%zu\n", cbRead),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pLast;
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        if (uOffset + cbRead > pDisk->cbSize)
        {
            /* Floppy images might be smaller than the standard expected by
               the floppy controller code.  So, we won't fail here. */
            AssertMsgBreakStmt(pDisk->enmType == VDTYPE_FLOPPY,
                               ("uOffset=%llu cbRead=%zu pDisk->cbSize=%llu\n",
                                uOffset, cbRead, pDisk->cbSize),
                               rc = VERR_EOF);
            memset(pvBuf, 0xf6, cbRead); /* f6h = format.com filler byte */
            if (uOffset >= pDisk->cbSize)
                break;
            cbRead = pDisk->cbSize - uOffset;
        }

        rc = vdReadHelper(pDisk, pImage, uOffset, pvBuf, cbRead,
                          true /* fUpdateCache */);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Write data to virtual HDD.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED if no image is opened in HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   uOffset         Offset of the first byte being
 *                          written from start of disk.
 * @param   pvBuf           Pointer to buffer for writing data.
 * @param   cbWrite         Number of bytes to write.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDWrite(PVBOXHDD pDisk, uint64_t uOffset, const void *pvBuf,
                          size_t cbWrite)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p uOffset=%llu pvBuf=%p cbWrite=%zu\n",
                 pDisk, uOffset, pvBuf, cbWrite));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pvBuf),
                           ("pvBuf=%#p\n", pvBuf),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbWrite,
                           ("cbWrite=%zu\n", cbWrite),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        AssertMsgBreakStmt(uOffset + cbWrite <= pDisk->cbSize,
                           ("uOffset=%llu cbWrite=%zu pDisk->cbSize=%llu\n",
                            uOffset, cbWrite, pDisk->cbSize),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pLast;
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        vdSetModifiedFlag(pDisk);
        rc = vdWriteHelper(pDisk, pImage, uOffset, pvBuf, cbWrite,
                           VDIOCTX_FLAGS_READ_UPDATE_CACHE);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        /* If there is a merge (in the direction towards a parent) running
         * concurrently then we have to also "relay" the write to this parent,
         * as the merge position might be already past the position where
         * this write is going. The "context" of the write can come from the
         * natural chain, since merging either already did or will take care
         * of the "other" content which is might be needed to fill the block
         * to a full allocation size. The cache doesn't need to be touched
         * as this write is covered by the previous one. */
        if (RT_UNLIKELY(pDisk->pImageRelay))
            rc = vdWriteHelper(pDisk, pDisk->pImageRelay, uOffset,
                               pvBuf, cbWrite, VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DEFAULT);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Make sure the on disk representation of a virtual HDD is up to date.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED if no image is opened in HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDFlush(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pLast;
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = vdIoCtxRootAlloc(pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH, 0,
                                           0, pDisk->pLast, NULL,
                                           vdIoCtxSyncComplete, pDisk, NULL,
                                           NULL, vdFlushHelperAsync,
                                           VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);

        if (!pIoCtx)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdIoCtxProcessSync(pIoCtx);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get number of opened images in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns Number of opened images for HDD container. 0 if no images have been opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(unsigned) VDGetCount(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    unsigned cImages;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, cImages = 0);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        cImages = pDisk->cImages;
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %u\n", cImages));
    return cImages;
}

/**
 * Get read/write mode of HDD container.
 *
 * @returns Virtual disk ReadOnly status.
 * @returns true if no image is opened in HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(bool) VDIsReadOnly(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    bool fReadOnly;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, fReadOnly = false);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pLast;
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, fReadOnly = true);

        unsigned uOpenFlags;
        uOpenFlags = pDisk->pLast->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pDisk->pLast->pBackendData);
        fReadOnly = !!(uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_READONLY);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %d\n", fReadOnly));
    return fReadOnly;
}

/**
 * Get total capacity of an image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns Virtual disk size in bytes.
 * @returns 0 if no image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(uint64_t) VDGetSize(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage)
{
    uint64_t cbSize;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u\n", pDisk, nImage));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, cbSize = 0);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, cbSize = 0);
        cbSize = pImage->Backend->pfnGetSize(pImage->pBackendData);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %llu\n", cbSize));
    return cbSize;
}

/**
 * Get total file size of an image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns Virtual disk size in bytes.
 * @returns 0 if no image is opened in HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(uint64_t) VDGetFileSize(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage)
{
    uint64_t cbSize;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u\n", pDisk, nImage));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, cbSize = 0);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, cbSize = 0);
        cbSize = pImage->Backend->pfnGetFileSize(pImage->pBackendData);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %llu\n", cbSize));
    return cbSize;
}

/**
 * Get virtual disk PCHS geometry stored in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @returns VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET if no geometry present in the HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pPCHSGeometry   Where to store PCHS geometry. Not NULL.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetPCHSGeometry(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                    PVDGEOMETRY pPCHSGeometry)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pPCHSGeometry=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pPCHSGeometry));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pPCHSGeometry),
                           ("pPCHSGeometry=%#p\n", pPCHSGeometry),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        if (pImage == pDisk->pLast)
        {
            /* Use cached information if possible. */
            if (pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders != 0)
                *pPCHSGeometry = pDisk->PCHSGeometry;
            else
                rc = VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET;
        }
        else
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                     pPCHSGeometry);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("%Rrc (PCHS=%u/%u/%u)\n", rc,
                 pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders, pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads,
                 pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Store virtual disk PCHS geometry in HDD container.
 *
 * Note that in case of unrecoverable error all images in HDD container will be closed.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @returns VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET if no geometry present in the HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pPCHSGeometry   Where to load PCHS geometry from. Not NULL.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDSetPCHSGeometry(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                    PCVDGEOMETRY pPCHSGeometry)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pPCHSGeometry=%#p PCHS=%u/%u/%u\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pPCHSGeometry, pPCHSGeometry->cCylinders,
                 pPCHSGeometry->cHeads, pPCHSGeometry->cSectors));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(   VALID_PTR(pPCHSGeometry)
                           && pPCHSGeometry->cHeads <= 16
                           && pPCHSGeometry->cSectors <= 63,
                           ("pPCHSGeometry=%#p PCHS=%u/%u/%u\n", pPCHSGeometry,
                            pPCHSGeometry->cCylinders, pPCHSGeometry->cHeads,
                            pPCHSGeometry->cSectors),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        if (pImage == pDisk->pLast)
        {
            if (    pPCHSGeometry->cCylinders != pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders
                ||  pPCHSGeometry->cHeads != pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads
                ||  pPCHSGeometry->cSectors != pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors)
            {
                /* Only update geometry if it is changed. Avoids similar checks
                 * in every backend. Most of the time the new geometry is set
                 * to the previous values, so no need to go through the hassle
                 * of updating an image which could be opened in read-only mode
                 * right now. */
                rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                         pPCHSGeometry);

                /* Cache new geometry values in any case. */
                rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                          &pDisk->PCHSGeometry);
                if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
                {
                    pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
                    pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
                    pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* Make sure the CHS geometry is properly clipped. */
                    pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cHeads, 255);
                    pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->PCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            VDGEOMETRY PCHS;
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                     &PCHS);
            if (    RT_FAILURE(rc)
                ||  pPCHSGeometry->cCylinders != PCHS.cCylinders
                ||  pPCHSGeometry->cHeads != PCHS.cHeads
                ||  pPCHSGeometry->cSectors != PCHS.cSectors)
            {
                /* Only update geometry if it is changed. Avoids similar checks
                 * in every backend. Most of the time the new geometry is set
                 * to the previous values, so no need to go through the hassle
                 * of updating an image which could be opened in read-only mode
                 * right now. */
                rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetPCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                         pPCHSGeometry);
            }
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get virtual disk LCHS geometry stored in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @returns VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET if no geometry present in the HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pLCHSGeometry   Where to store LCHS geometry. Not NULL.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetLCHSGeometry(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                    PVDGEOMETRY pLCHSGeometry)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pLCHSGeometry=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pLCHSGeometry));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pLCHSGeometry),
                           ("pLCHSGeometry=%#p\n", pLCHSGeometry),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        if (pImage == pDisk->pLast)
        {
            /* Use cached information if possible. */
            if (pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders != 0)
                *pLCHSGeometry = pDisk->LCHSGeometry;
            else
                rc = VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET;
        }
        else
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                     pLCHSGeometry);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc((": %Rrc (LCHS=%u/%u/%u)\n", rc,
                 pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders, pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads,
                 pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Store virtual disk LCHS geometry in HDD container.
 *
 * Note that in case of unrecoverable error all images in HDD container will be closed.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @returns VERR_VD_GEOMETRY_NOT_SET if no geometry present in the HDD container.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pLCHSGeometry   Where to load LCHS geometry from. Not NULL.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDSetLCHSGeometry(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                    PCVDGEOMETRY pLCHSGeometry)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pLCHSGeometry=%#p LCHS=%u/%u/%u\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pLCHSGeometry, pLCHSGeometry->cCylinders,
                 pLCHSGeometry->cHeads, pLCHSGeometry->cSectors));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(   VALID_PTR(pLCHSGeometry)
                           && pLCHSGeometry->cHeads <= 255
                           && pLCHSGeometry->cSectors <= 63,
                           ("pLCHSGeometry=%#p LCHS=%u/%u/%u\n", pLCHSGeometry,
                            pLCHSGeometry->cCylinders, pLCHSGeometry->cHeads,
                            pLCHSGeometry->cSectors),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        if (pImage == pDisk->pLast)
        {
            if (    pLCHSGeometry->cCylinders != pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders
                ||  pLCHSGeometry->cHeads != pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads
                ||  pLCHSGeometry->cSectors != pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors)
            {
                /* Only update geometry if it is changed. Avoids similar checks
                 * in every backend. Most of the time the new geometry is set
                 * to the previous values, so no need to go through the hassle
                 * of updating an image which could be opened in read-only mode
                 * right now. */
                rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                         pLCHSGeometry);

                /* Cache new geometry values in any case. */
                rc2 = pImage->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                          &pDisk->LCHSGeometry);
                if (RT_FAILURE(rc2))
                {
                    pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cCylinders = 0;
                    pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = 0;
                    pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = 0;
                }
                else
                {
                    /* Make sure the CHS geometry is properly clipped. */
                    pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cHeads, 255);
                    pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors = RT_MIN(pDisk->LCHSGeometry.cSectors, 63);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            VDGEOMETRY LCHS;
            rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                     &LCHS);
            if (    RT_FAILURE(rc)
                ||  pLCHSGeometry->cCylinders != LCHS.cCylinders
                ||  pLCHSGeometry->cHeads != LCHS.cHeads
                ||  pLCHSGeometry->cSectors != LCHS.cSectors)
            {
                /* Only update geometry if it is changed. Avoids similar checks
                 * in every backend. Most of the time the new geometry is set
                 * to the previous values, so no need to go through the hassle
                 * of updating an image which could be opened in read-only mode
                 * right now. */
                rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetLCHSGeometry(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                         pLCHSGeometry);
            }
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get version of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   puVersion       Where to store the image version.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetVersion(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                               unsigned *puVersion)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u puVersion=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, puVersion));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(puVersion),
                           ("puVersion=%#p\n", puVersion),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        *puVersion = pImage->Backend->pfnGetVersion(pImage->pBackendData);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc uVersion=%#x\n", rc, *puVersion));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * List the capabilities of image backend in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to the HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pbackendInfo    Where to store the backend information.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDBackendInfoSingle(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                      PVDBACKENDINFO pBackendInfo)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pBackendInfo=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pBackendInfo));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pBackendInfo),
                           ("pBackendInfo=%#p\n", pBackendInfo),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        pBackendInfo->pszBackend = pImage->Backend->pszBackendName;
        pBackendInfo->uBackendCaps = pImage->Backend->uBackendCaps;
        pBackendInfo->paFileExtensions = pImage->Backend->paFileExtensions;
        pBackendInfo->paConfigInfo = pImage->Backend->paConfigInfo;
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get flags of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   puImageFlags    Where to store the image flags.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetImageFlags(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                  unsigned *puImageFlags)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u puImageFlags=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, puImageFlags));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(puImageFlags),
                           ("puImageFlags=%#p\n", puImageFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        *puImageFlags = pImage->uImageFlags;
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc uImageFlags=%#x\n", rc, *puImageFlags));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get open flags of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   puOpenFlags     Where to store the image open flags.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetOpenFlags(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                 unsigned *puOpenFlags)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u puOpenFlags=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, puOpenFlags));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(puOpenFlags),
                           ("puOpenFlags=%#p\n", puOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        *puOpenFlags = pImage->Backend->pfnGetOpenFlags(pImage->pBackendData);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc uOpenFlags=%#x\n", rc, *puOpenFlags));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Set open flags of image in HDD container.
 * This operation may cause file locking changes and/or files being reopened.
 * Note that in case of unrecoverable error all images in HDD container will be closed.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   uOpenFlags      Image file open mode, see VD_OPEN_FLAGS_* constants.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDSetOpenFlags(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                 unsigned uOpenFlags)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p uOpenFlags=%#u\n", pDisk, uOpenFlags));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt((uOpenFlags & ~VD_OPEN_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                           ("uOpenFlags=%#x\n", uOpenFlags),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        /* Destroy any discard state because the image might be changed to readonly mode. */
        rc = vdDiscardStateDestroy(pDisk);
        if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
            break;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetOpenFlags(pImage->pBackendData,
                                              uOpenFlags & ~(VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFORM_ABOUT_ZERO_BLOCKS));
        if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
            pImage->uOpenFlags = uOpenFlags & (VD_OPEN_FLAGS_HONOR_SAME | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_DISCARD | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_IGNORE_FLUSH | VD_OPEN_FLAGS_INFORM_ABOUT_ZERO_BLOCKS);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get base filename of image in HDD container. Some image formats use
 * other filenames as well, so don't use this for anything but informational
 * purposes.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @returns VERR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW if pszFilename buffer too small to hold filename.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pszFilename     Where to store the image file name.
 * @param   cbFilename      Size of buffer pszFilename points to.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetFilename(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                char *pszFilename, unsigned cbFilename)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pszFilename=%#p cbFilename=%u\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pszFilename, cbFilename));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                           ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbFilename,
                           ("cbFilename=%u\n", cbFilename),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        size_t cb = strlen(pImage->pszFilename);
        if (cb <= cbFilename)
        {
            strcpy(pszFilename, pImage->pszFilename);
            rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
        }
        else
        {
            strncpy(pszFilename, pImage->pszFilename, cbFilename - 1);
            pszFilename[cbFilename - 1] = '\0';
            rc = VERR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW;
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc, pszFilename=\"%s\"\n", rc, pszFilename));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get the comment line of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @returns VERR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW if pszComment buffer too small to hold comment text.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pszComment      Where to store the comment string of image. NULL is ok.
 * @param   cbComment       The size of pszComment buffer. 0 is ok.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetComment(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                               char *pszComment, unsigned cbComment)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pszComment=%#p cbComment=%u\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pszComment, cbComment));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszComment),
                           ("pszComment=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszComment, pszComment),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbComment,
                           ("cbComment=%u\n", cbComment),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetComment(pImage->pBackendData, pszComment,
                                            cbComment);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc, pszComment=\"%s\"\n", rc, pszComment));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Changes the comment line of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pszComment      New comment string (UTF-8). NULL is allowed to reset the comment.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDSetComment(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                               const char *pszComment)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pszComment=%#p \"%s\"\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pszComment, pszComment));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pszComment) || pszComment == NULL,
                           ("pszComment=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszComment, pszComment),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetComment(pImage->pBackendData, pszComment);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}


/**
 * Get UUID of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pUuid           Where to store the image creation UUID.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetUuid(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage, PRTUUID pUuid)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pUuid=%#p\n", pDisk, nImage, pUuid));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pUuid),
                           ("pUuid=%#p\n", pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetUuid(pImage->pBackendData, pUuid);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc, Uuid={%RTuuid}\n", rc, pUuid));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Set the image's UUID. Should not be used by normal applications.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pUuid           New UUID of the image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDSetUuid(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage, PCRTUUID pUuid)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pUuid=%#p {%RTuuid}\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pUuid, pUuid));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pUuid) || pUuid == NULL,
                           ("pUuid=%#p\n", pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        RTUUID Uuid;
        if (!pUuid)
        {
            RTUuidCreate(&Uuid);
            pUuid = &Uuid;
        }
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetUuid(pImage->pBackendData, pUuid);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get last modification UUID of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pUuid           Where to store the image modification UUID.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetModificationUuid(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage, PRTUUID pUuid)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pUuid=%#p\n", pDisk, nImage, pUuid));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pUuid),
                           ("pUuid=%#p\n", pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetModificationUuid(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                     pUuid);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc, Uuid={%RTuuid}\n", rc, pUuid));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Set the image's last modification UUID. Should not be used by normal applications.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pUuid           New modification UUID of the image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDSetModificationUuid(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage, PCRTUUID pUuid)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pUuid=%#p {%RTuuid}\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pUuid, pUuid));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pUuid) || pUuid == NULL,
                           ("pUuid=%#p\n", pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        RTUUID Uuid;
        if (!pUuid)
        {
            RTUuidCreate(&Uuid);
            pUuid = &Uuid;
        }
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetModificationUuid(pImage->pBackendData,
                                                     pUuid);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Get parent UUID of image in HDD container.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @returns VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND if image with specified number was not opened.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pUuid           Where to store the parent image UUID.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDGetParentUuid(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                  PRTUUID pUuid)
{
    int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pUuid=%#p\n", pDisk, nImage, pUuid));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pUuid),
                           ("pUuid=%#p\n", pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnGetParentUuid(pImage->pBackendData, pUuid);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc, Uuid={%RTuuid}\n", rc, pUuid));
    return rc;
}

/**
 * Set the image's parent UUID. Should not be used by normal applications.
 *
 * @returns VBox status code.
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 * @param   nImage          Image number, counts from 0. 0 is always base image of container.
 * @param   pUuid           New parent UUID of the image. If NULL, a new UUID is created.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDSetParentUuid(PVBOXHDD pDisk, unsigned nImage,
                                  PCRTUUID pUuid)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p nImage=%u pUuid=%#p {%RTuuid}\n",
                 pDisk, nImage, pUuid, pUuid));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pUuid) || pUuid == NULL,
                           ("pUuid=%#p\n", pUuid),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        PVDIMAGE pImage = vdGetImageByNumber(pDisk, nImage);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pImage, rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_NOT_FOUND);

        RTUUID Uuid;
        if (!pUuid)
        {
            RTUuidCreate(&Uuid);
            pUuid = &Uuid;
        }
        rc = pImage->Backend->pfnSetParentUuid(pImage->pBackendData, pUuid);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}


/**
 * Debug helper - dumps all opened images in HDD container into the log file.
 *
 * @param   pDisk           Pointer to HDD container.
 */
VBOXDDU_DECL(void) VDDumpImages(PVBOXHDD pDisk)
{
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreak(pDisk);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        if (!pDisk->pInterfaceError || !VALID_PTR(pDisk->pInterfaceError->pfnMessage))
            pDisk->pInterfaceError->pfnMessage = vdLogMessage;

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        vdMessageWrapper(pDisk, "--- Dumping VD Disk, Images=%u\n", pDisk->cImages);
        for (PVDIMAGE pImage = pDisk->pBase; pImage; pImage = pImage->pNext)
        {
            vdMessageWrapper(pDisk, "Dumping VD image \"%s\" (Backend=%s)\n",
                             pImage->pszFilename, pImage->Backend->pszBackendName);
            pImage->Backend->pfnDump(pImage->pBackendData);
        }
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }
}


VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDDiscardRanges(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PCRTRANGE paRanges, unsigned cRanges)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p paRanges=%#p cRanges=%u\n",
                 pDisk, paRanges, cRanges));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cRanges,
                           ("cRanges=%u\n", cRanges),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(paRanges),
                           ("paRanges=%#p\n", paRanges),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk->pLast, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        AssertMsgBreakStmt(pDisk->pLast->uOpenFlags & VD_OPEN_FLAGS_DISCARD,
                           ("Discarding not supported\n"),
                           rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);

        PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = vdIoCtxDiscardAlloc(pDisk, paRanges, cRanges,
                                              vdIoCtxSyncComplete, pDisk, NULL, NULL,
                                              vdDiscardHelperAsync,
                                              VDIOCTX_FLAGS_SYNC);
        if (!pIoCtx)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdIoCtxProcessSync(pIoCtx);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}


VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDAsyncRead(PVBOXHDD pDisk, uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbRead,
                              PCRTSGBUF pcSgBuf,
                              PFNVDASYNCTRANSFERCOMPLETE pfnComplete,
                              void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2)
{
    int rc = VERR_VD_BLOCK_FREE;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockRead = false;
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p uOffset=%llu pcSgBuf=%#p cbRead=%zu pvUser1=%#p pvUser2=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, uOffset, pcSgBuf, cbRead, pvUser1, pvUser2));

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbRead,
                           ("cbRead=%zu\n", cbRead),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pcSgBuf),
                           ("pcSgBuf=%#p\n", pcSgBuf),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockRead = true;

        AssertMsgBreakStmt(uOffset + cbRead <= pDisk->cbSize,
                           ("uOffset=%llu cbRead=%zu pDisk->cbSize=%llu\n",
                            uOffset, cbRead, pDisk->cbSize),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk->pLast, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        pIoCtx = vdIoCtxRootAlloc(pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_READ, uOffset,
                                  cbRead, pDisk->pLast, pcSgBuf,
                                  pfnComplete, pvUser1, pvUser2,
                                  NULL, vdReadHelperAsync,
                                  VDIOCTX_FLAGS_ZERO_FREE_BLOCKS);
        if (!pIoCtx)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdIoCtxProcessTryLockDefer(pIoCtx);
        if (rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED)
        {
            if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pIoCtx->fComplete, true, false))
                vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
            else
                rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS; /* Let the other handler complete the request. */
        }
        else if (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS) /* Another error */
            vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);

    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockRead) && (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
                                   || rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishRead(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}


VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDAsyncWrite(PVBOXHDD pDisk, uint64_t uOffset, size_t cbWrite,
                               PCRTSGBUF pcSgBuf,
                               PFNVDASYNCTRANSFERCOMPLETE pfnComplete,
                               void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p uOffset=%llu cSgBuf=%#p cbWrite=%zu pvUser1=%#p pvUser2=%#p\n",
                 pDisk, uOffset, pcSgBuf, cbWrite, pvUser1, pvUser2));
    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        /* Check arguments. */
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(cbWrite,
                           ("cbWrite=%zu\n", cbWrite),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsgBreakStmt(VALID_PTR(pcSgBuf),
                           ("pcSgBuf=%#p\n", pcSgBuf),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        AssertMsgBreakStmt(uOffset + cbWrite <= pDisk->cbSize,
                           ("uOffset=%llu cbWrite=%zu pDisk->cbSize=%llu\n",
                            uOffset, cbWrite, pDisk->cbSize),
                           rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk->pLast, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        pIoCtx = vdIoCtxRootAlloc(pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_WRITE, uOffset,
                                  cbWrite, pDisk->pLast, pcSgBuf,
                                  pfnComplete, pvUser1, pvUser2,
                                  NULL, vdWriteHelperAsync,
                                  VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DEFAULT);
        if (!pIoCtx)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdIoCtxProcessTryLockDefer(pIoCtx);
        if (rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED)
        {
            if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pIoCtx->fComplete, true, false))
                vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
            else
                rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS; /* Let the other handler complete the request. */
        }
        else if (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS) /* Another error */
            vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite) && (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
                                    || rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}


VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDAsyncFlush(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PFNVDASYNCTRANSFERCOMPLETE pfnComplete,
                               void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk->pLast, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        pIoCtx = vdIoCtxRootAlloc(pDisk, VDIOCTXTXDIR_FLUSH, 0,
                                  0, pDisk->pLast, NULL,
                                  pfnComplete, pvUser1, pvUser2,
                                  NULL, vdFlushHelperAsync,
                                  VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DEFAULT);
        if (!pIoCtx)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdIoCtxProcessTryLockDefer(pIoCtx);
        if (rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED)
        {
            if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pIoCtx->fComplete, true, false))
                vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
            else
                rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS; /* Let the other handler complete the request. */
        }
        else if (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS) /* Another error */
            vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite) && (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
                                    || rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDAsyncDiscardRanges(PVBOXHDD pDisk, PCRTRANGE paRanges, unsigned cRanges,
                                       PFNVDASYNCTRANSFERCOMPLETE pfnComplete,
                                       void *pvUser1, void *pvUser2)
{
    int rc;
    int rc2;
    bool fLockWrite = false;
    PVDIOCTX pIoCtx = NULL;

    LogFlowFunc(("pDisk=%#p\n", pDisk));

    do
    {
        /* sanity check */
        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk, rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
        AssertMsg(pDisk->u32Signature == VBOXHDDDISK_SIGNATURE, ("u32Signature=%08x\n", pDisk->u32Signature));

        rc2 = vdThreadStartWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
        fLockWrite = true;

        AssertPtrBreakStmt(pDisk->pLast, rc = VERR_VD_NOT_OPENED);

        pIoCtx = vdIoCtxDiscardAlloc(pDisk, paRanges, cRanges,
                                     pfnComplete, pvUser1, pvUser2, NULL,
                                     vdDiscardHelperAsync,
                                     VDIOCTX_FLAGS_DEFAULT);
        if (!pIoCtx)
        {
            rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
            break;
        }

        rc = vdIoCtxProcessTryLockDefer(pIoCtx);
        if (rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED)
        {
            if (ASMAtomicCmpXchgBool(&pIoCtx->fComplete, true, false))
                vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
            else
                rc = VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS; /* Let the other handler complete the request. */
        }
        else if (rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS) /* Another error */
            vdIoCtxFree(pDisk, pIoCtx);
    } while (0);

    if (RT_UNLIKELY(fLockWrite) && (   rc == VINF_VD_ASYNC_IO_FINISHED
                                    || rc != VERR_VD_ASYNC_IO_IN_PROGRESS))
    {
        rc2 = vdThreadFinishWrite(pDisk);
        AssertRC(rc2);
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}

VBOXDDU_DECL(int) VDRepair(PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsDisk, PVDINTERFACE pVDIfsImage,
                           const char *pszFilename, const char *pszBackend,
                           uint32_t fFlags)
{
    int rc = VERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
    PCVBOXHDDBACKEND pBackend = NULL;
    VDINTERFACEIOINT VDIfIoInt;
    VDINTERFACEIO    VDIfIoFallback;
    PVDINTERFACEIO   pInterfaceIo;

    LogFlowFunc(("pszFilename=\"%s\"\n", pszFilename));
    /* Check arguments. */
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(pszFilename) && *pszFilename,
                    ("pszFilename=%#p \"%s\"\n", pszFilename, pszFilename),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    AssertMsgReturn(VALID_PTR(pszBackend),
                    ("pszBackend=%#p\n", pszBackend),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    AssertMsgReturn((fFlags & ~VD_REPAIR_FLAGS_MASK) == 0,
                    ("fFlags=%#x\n", fFlags),
                    VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);

    pInterfaceIo = VDIfIoGet(pVDIfsImage);
    if (!pInterfaceIo)
    {
        /*
         * Caller doesn't provide an I/O interface, create our own using the
         * native file API.
         */
        vdIfIoFallbackCallbacksSetup(&VDIfIoFallback);
        pInterfaceIo = &VDIfIoFallback;
    }

    /* Set up the internal I/O interface. */
    AssertReturn(!VDIfIoIntGet(pVDIfsImage), VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
    VDIfIoInt.pfnOpen                   = vdIOIntOpenLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnClose                  = vdIOIntCloseLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnDelete                 = vdIOIntDeleteLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnMove                   = vdIOIntMoveLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnGetFreeSpace           = vdIOIntGetFreeSpaceLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnGetModificationTime    = vdIOIntGetModificationTimeLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnGetSize                = vdIOIntGetSizeLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnSetSize                = vdIOIntSetSizeLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnReadUser               = vdIOIntReadUserLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnWriteUser              = vdIOIntWriteUserLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnReadMeta               = vdIOIntReadMetaLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnWriteMeta              = vdIOIntWriteMetaLimited;
    VDIfIoInt.pfnFlush                  = vdIOIntFlushLimited;
    rc = VDInterfaceAdd(&VDIfIoInt.Core, "VD_IOINT", VDINTERFACETYPE_IOINT,
                        pInterfaceIo, sizeof(VDINTERFACEIOINT), &pVDIfsImage);
    AssertRC(rc);

    rc = vdFindBackend(pszBackend, &pBackend);
    if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
    {
        if (pBackend->pfnRepair)
            rc = pBackend->pfnRepair(pszFilename, pVDIfsDisk, pVDIfsImage, fFlags);
        else
            rc = VERR_VD_IMAGE_REPAIR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
    }

    LogFlowFunc(("returns %Rrc\n", rc));
    return rc;
}